Table 2 Global pooled prevalence of high depersonalization/cynicism among university students, measured with the Maslach burnout inventory, the Emotional exhaustion scale and the Oldenburg burnout inventory.
| Â | Number of prevalence measures | Total sample size | Prevalence range (%) | Effect size | Subgroup comparison (Q between subgroup tests p-value) | Heterogeneity between studies I2 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted average prevalence (%) | 95%CI | ||||||
World Health Organization region | |||||||
 Africa | 2 | 650 | 84.6–97.2 | 92.8 | 77.3–98.0 |  < 0.01 | 92 |
 Americas | 3 | 540 | 3.1–77.3 | 21.9 | 3.0–71.5 | 99 | |
 Eastern Mediterranean | 4 | 1578 | 33.3–81.3 | 68.3 | 48.1–83.3 | 99 | |
 Europe | 9 | 2729 | 11.0–73.3 | 40.0 | 24.2–58.2 | 98 | |
 South East Asia | 3 | 3385 | 30.7–93.2 | 77.0 | 38.7–94.7 | 100 | |
World Bank income group | |||||||
 HIC | 12 | 3972 | 3.1–81.3 | 37.3 | 21.2–56.9 |  < 0.01 | 98 |
 UMIC | 4 | 875 | 16.9–77.8 | 61.8 | 33.3–84.0 | 98 | |
 LMIC | 4 | 3890 | 30.7–93.2 | 79.1 | 51.5–93.1 | 100 | |
 LIC | 1 | 145 | 97.2 | 97.2 | 93.1–99.2 | NA | |
Western/non-western | |||||||
 Western | 9 | 2818 | 3.1–72.1 | 29.0 | 14.5–49.5 |  < 0.01 | 99 |
 Non-western | 12 | 6064 | 16.9–97.2 | 73.9 | 56.3–86.1 | 98 | |
Sex | |||||||
 Male | 8 | 1222 | 27.4–85.2 | 54.9 | 40.3–68.8 | 0.94 | 94 |
 Female | 8 | 3325 | 9.7–85.6 | 54.0 | 35.3–71.7 | 97 | |
Field | |||||||
 Medicine | 18 | 8494 | 3.1–97.2 | 60.5 | 41.2–77.1 |  < 0.01 | 99 |
 Pharmacy | 1 | 47 | 42.6 | 42.6 | 28.3–57.8 | NA | |
 Psychology | 1 | 134 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 14.4–28.8 | NA | |
 Mixed fields* | 1 | 207 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 12.1–22.7 | NA | |
Mode of teaching delivery | |||||||
 Online | 10 | 3470 | 11.0–84.6 | 53.6 | 35.2–71.1 |  < 0.01 | 98 |
 Hybrid | 1 | 254 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 1.4–6.1 | NA | |
 NR | 10 | 5158 | 16.9–93.2 | 65.6 | 39.8–84.6 | 99 | |
Period | |||||||
 Pre-COVID-19 | 2 | 696 | 55.6–69.1 | 62.3 | 52.5–71.2 | 0.49 | 92 |
 During COVID-19 | 21 | 8882 | 3.1–97.2 | 55.3 | 37.7–71.6 | 99 | |
