Table 3 Global pooled prevalence of low personal accomplishment/academic efficacy among university students, measured with the Maslach burnout inventory, the Emotional exhaustion scale and the Oldenburg burnout inventory.
| Â | Number of prevalence measures | Total sample size | Prevalence range (%) | Effect size | Subgroup comparison (Q between subgroup tests p-value) | Heterogeneity between studies I2 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted average prevalence (%) | 95%CI | ||||||
World Health Organization region | |||||||
 Africa | 1 | 145 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 21.7–37.1 |  < 0.01 | NA |
 Americas | 2 | 386 | 62.2–91.7 | 80.6 | 52.2–94.1 | 97 | |
 Eastern Mediterranean | 3 | 1193 | 4.4–32.5 | 18.0 | 6.0–43.2 | 98 | |
 Europe | 4 | 1689 | 8.3–79.5 | 39.4 | 13.6–72.9 | 99 | |
 South East Asia | 1 | 1947 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 64.6–68.8 | NA | |
World Bank income group | |||||||
 HIC | 7 | 2712 | 4.4–79.5 | 32.6 | 13.7–59.6 |  < 0.01 | 99 |
 UMIC | 2 | 556 | 32.5–91.7 | 69.5 | 20.3–95.3 | 99 | |
 LMIC | 1 | 1947 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 64.6–68.8 | NA | |
 LIC | 1 | 145 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 21.7–37.1 | NA | |
Western/non-western | |||||||
 Western | 6 | 2075 | 8.3–91.7 | 54.9 | 25.7–81.1 | 0.17 | 98 |
 Non-western | 5 | 3285 | 4.4–66.7 | 27.9 | 11.8–52.8 | 99 | |
Sex | |||||||
 Male | 2 | 465 | 0.3–39.7 | 4.2 | 0.1–70.2 | 0.86 | 96 |
 Female | 2 | 1230 | 1.1–29.5 | 6.2 | 0.5–46.4 | 99 | |
Field | |||||||
 Medicine | 9 | 5179 | 4.4–91.7 | 41.9 | 19.7–68.0 |  < 0.01 | 99 |
 Pharmacy | 1 | 47 | 59.6 | 59.6 | 44.3–73.6 | NA | |
 Psychology | 1 | 134 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 18.3–33.6 | NA | |
Mode of teaching delivery | |||||||
 Online | 6 | 2447 | 8.3–91.7 | 51.0 | 22.9–78.5 | 0.06 | 99 |
 Hybrid | 1 | 254 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 55.9–68.2 | NA | |
 NR | 4 | 2659 | 4.4–66.7 | 25.2 | 8.2–55.9 | 99 | |
Period | |||||||
 During COVID-19! | 11 | 5360 | 4.4–91.7 | 41.8 | 22.6–63.9 | NA | 99 |
