Table 5 Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression for factors associated with visual impairment among adults aged 40 and above in Southern Ethiopia.

Sex

Female

1.71 (1.23–2.35)

1.341 (0.56–3.18)

Male

1

1

Age category

40-50 years

1

1

51–60 years

2.64 (1.48–4.707)

2.31 (1.29–4.33)

61 and above years

10.85 (6.16–19.11)

8.9 (4.86–16.37)

Marital status

Married

1

1

Widowed and divorced

4.91 (3.10–7.78)

4.67 (2.77–7.86)

Occupation

Farmer

0.66 (0.34–1.29)

0.57 (0.38–0.86)

House wife

0.61 (0.30–1.236)

0.6 (0.15–2.36)

Government employee

1

1

Others**

0.97 (0.38–2.46)

1.42 (0.402–5.025)

Educational status

No formal education

3.43 (1.157–10.19)

14.28 (2.82–71.46)

Able to read and write

1.48 (0.419–5.28)

8.15 (1.4–46.63)

Grade 1–8

1.52 (0.445–5.201)

6.95 (1.287–37.55)

Secondary and above

Wealth index

Lowest

1.24 (0.76–2.03)

1.91 (1.14–3.2)

Second

0.87 (0.53–1.44)

0.83 (0.467–1.48)

Middle

0.82 (0.496–1.35)

0.71 (0.39–1.29)

Fourth

071 (0.42–1.18)

0.69 (0.38–1.25)

Highest

1

Substance abuse

Yes

1.46 (0.99–2.16)

1.71 (1.03–2.81)

No

1

1

Known history of hypertension

Yes

2.24 (1.00–5.02)

2.33 (0.82–6.61)

No

1

1

Having regular eye check up

Yes

1

No

3.485043 (1.680–7.228

0.17 (0.027–1.05)

Wearing prescribed eye glass

Yes

1

No

3.48 (1.68–7.23)

3.94 ((1.65–9.40)

Source of water

Borehole/well

0.48 (0.107–2.14)

1.45 (0.23–9.08)

Pipe

1

1

River/stream

1

1.03 (0.66–1.61)