Figure 1

Trial sequence and timing of events. The experiment consisted of multiple pairs of adaptation and test phases. During adaptation phases, 18 button presses had to be performed either actively by participants or they were executed passively. A button press was followed by a delayed (200 ms) or undelayed tone. Adaptation phases were divided into two parts separated by a fixation cross presentation. In test phases, the button was pressed once in each test trial, either actively or passively. Here, the outcome occurred after one of six delays (0–417 ms) and participants had to report in each trial whether they detected a delay. The outcome modality was always auditory during adaptation, but it could be visual or auditory during test.