Table 2 Results of cluster analysis of study participants who were at home at the time of the earthquake.

From: Categorization of disaster-related deaths in Minamisoma city after the Fukushima nuclear disaster using clustering analysis

Variable

Category

Class H1

Class H2

Class H3

Class H4

Class H5

Class H6

Class H7

Total

P value*

Effect sizes†

N

 

17 (6.7)

21 (8.3)

42 (16.7)

4 (1.6)

64 (25.4)

17 (6.7)

87 (34.5)

252

  

Sex

Female

6 (35.3)

13 (61.9)

4 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

21 (32.8)

7 (41.2)

50 (57.5)

101 (40.1)

 < 0.001

0.39

Male

11 (64.7)

8 (38.1)

38 (90.5)

4 (100.0)

43 (67.2)

10 (58.8)

37 (42.5)

151 (59.9)

  

Evacuation

Yes

0 (0.0)

21 (100.0)

42 (100.0)

4 (100.0)

64 (100.0)

17 (100.0)

87 (100.0)

235 (93.3)

NaN

NaN

No

17 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

17 (6.7)

  

Situation when moving

Accompanied

2 (11.8)

16 (76.2)

40 (95.2)

3 (75.0)

63 (98.4)

16 (94.1)

78 (89.7)

218 (86.5)

0.11

0.15

Unaccompanied

0 (0.0)

2 (9.5)

2 (4.8)

1 (25.0)

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

8 (9.2)

14 (5.6)

  

Miss

15 (88.2)

3 (14.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.9)

1 (1.1)

20 (7.9)

  

Moving location

Within the prefecture

1 (5.9)

7 (33.3)

19 (45.2)

0 (0.0)

7 (10.9)

7 (41.2)

42 (48.3)

83 (32.9)

 < 0.001

0.36

Outside the prefecture

0 (0.0)

12 (57.1)

23 (54.8)

4 (100.0)

57 (89.1)

10 (58.8)

45 (51.7)

151 (59.9)

  

Miss

16 (94.1)

2 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

18 (7.1)

  

Roommate

Yes

14 (82.4)

19 (90.5)

40 (95.2)

3 (75.0)

56 (87.5)

13 (76.5)

63 (72.4)

208 (82.5)

0.002

0.26

No

2 (11.8)

2 (9.5)

2 (4.8)

1 (25.0)

7 (10.9)

2 (11.8)

24 (27.6)

40 (15.9)

  

Miss

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

2 (11.8)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.6)

  

Evacuation housing

Temporary housing

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (7.1)

1 (25.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.9)

1 (1.1)

6 (2.4)

0.02

0.27

Temporary facility

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (4.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.8)

  

Rental housing

0 (0.0)

3 (14.3)

7 (16.7)

1 (25.0)

22 (34.4)

4 (23.5)

15 (17.2)

52 (20.6)

  

Relative's house

0 (0.0)

4 (19.0)

14 (33.3)

0 (0.0)

18 (28.1)

3 (17.6)

28 (32.2)

67 (26.6)

  

Hospital

0 (0.0)

6 (28.6)

4 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

4 (6.2)

0 (0.0)

8 (9.2)

22 (8.7)

  

Home

6 (35.3)

2 (9.5)

4 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

6 (6.9)

19 (7.5)

  

Facility

0 (0.0)

2 (9.5)

6 (14.3)

1 (25.0)

16 (25.0)

8 (47.1)

24 (27.6)

57 (22.6)

  

Miss

11 (64.7)

4 (19.0)

2 (4.8)

1 (25.0)

3 (4.7)

1 (5.9)

5 (5.7)

27 (10.7)

  

Household

Single

3 (17.6)

1 (4.8)

3 (7.1)

0 (0.0)

4 (6.2)

1 (5.9)

7 (8.0)

19 (7.5)

0.48

0.16

Facility

0 (0.0)

1 (4.8)

1 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

3 (4.7)

0 (0.0)

8 (9.2)

13 (5.2)

  

One

8 (47.1)

7 (33.3)

21 (50.0)

2 (50.0)

23 (35.9)

4 (23.5)

27 (31.0)

92 (36.5)

  

Two

3 (17.6)

7 (33.3)

14 (33.3)

0 (0.0)

21 (32.8)

6 (35.3)

31 (35.6)

82 (32.5)

  

Three

3 (17.6)

3 (14.3)

3 (7.1)

2 (50.0)

12 (18.8)

4 (23.5)

14 (16.1)

41 (16.3)

  

Four

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.8)

  

Miss

0 (0.0)

2 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

3 (1.2)

  

Receiving care certification

Yes

3 (17.6)

15 (71.4)

12 (28.6)

0 (0.0)

7 (10.9)

8 (47.1)

45 (51.7)

90 (35.7)

 < 0.001

0.44

No

12 (70.6)

5 (23.8)

26 (61.9)

4 (100.0)

56 (87.5)

8 (47.1)

32 (36.8)

143 (56.7)

  

Miss

2 (11.8)

1 (4.8)

4 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

1 (5.9)

10 (11.5)

19 (7.5)

  

Disabilities

Yes

1 (5.9)

5 (23.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (4.7)

17 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

26 (10.3)

0.06

0.17

No

16 (94.1)

15 (71.4)

40 (95.2)

4 (100.0)

61 (95.3)

0 (0.0)

74 (85.1)

210 (83.3)

  

Miss

0 (0.0)

1 (4.8)

2 (4.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

13 (14.9)

16 (6.3)

  

Increased alcohol consumption

Yes

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.6)

NaN

NaN

No

11 (64.7)

18 (85.7)

28 (66.7)

0 (0.0)

37 (57.8)

10 (58.8)

64 (73.6)

168 (66.7)

  

Miss

6 (35.3)

3 (14.3)

14 (33.3)

0 (0.0)

27 (42.2)

7 (41.2)

23 (26.4)

80 (31.7)

  

Insomnia

Yes

3 (17.6)

1 (4.8)

10 (23.8)

3 (75.0)

29 (45.3)

7 (41.2)

26 (29.9)

79 (31.3)

 < 0.001

0.48

No

2 (11.8)

17 (81.0)

7 (16.7)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

28 (11.1)

  

Miss

12 (70.6)

3 (14.3)

25 (59.5)

1 (25.0)

34 (53.1)

10 (58.8)

60 (69.0)

145 (57.5)

  

Depression

Yes

10 (58.8)

0 (0.0)

23 (54.8)

3 (75.0)

49 (76.6)

15 (88.2)

55 (63.2)

155 (61.5)

NaN

NaN

No

2 (11.8)

16 (76.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

18 (7.1)

  

Miss

5 (29.4)

5 (23.8)

19 (45.2)

1 (25.0)

15 (23.4)

2 (11.8)

32 (36.8)

79 (31.3)

  

Dementia

Yes

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

22 (34.4)

6 (35.3)

23 (26.4)

51 (20.2)

 < 0.001

0.61

No

8 (47.1)

18 (85.7)

33 (78.6)

1 (25.0)

12 (18.8)

4 (23.5)

12 (13.8)

88 (34.9)

  

Miss

9 (52.9)

3 (14.3)

9 (21.4)

3 (75.0)

30 (46.9)

7 (41.2)

52 (59.8)

113 (44.8)

  

Decreased social participation

Yes

12 (70.6)

2 (9.5)

22 (52.4)

4 (100.0)

54 (84.4)

15 (88.2)

68 (78.2)

177 (70.2)

 < 0.001

0.38

No

4 (23.5)

16 (76.2)

10 (23.8)

0 (0.0)

4 (6.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

35 (13.9)

  

Miss

1 (5.9)

3 (14.3)

10 (23.8)

0 (0.0)

6 (9.4)

2 (11.8)

18 (20.7)

40 (15.9)

  

Decreased communication

Yes

5 (29.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.4)

3 (75.0)

41 (64.1)

12 (70.6)

47 (54.0)

109 (43.3)

 < 0.001

0.82

No

7 (41.2)

19 (90.5)

31 (73.8)

0 (0.0)

4 (6.2)

2 (11.8)

5 (5.7)

68 (27.0)

  

Miss

5 (29.4)

2 (9.5)

10 (23.8)

1 (25.0)

19 (29.7)

3 (17.6)

35 (40.2)

75 (29.8)

  

Place of death

Hospital

9 (52.9)

17 (81.0)

35 (83.3)

3 (75.0)

53 (82.8)

13 (76.5)

77 (88.5)

207 (82.1)

0.44

0.12

Home

8 (47.1)

2 (9.5)

5 (11.9)

1 (25.0)

5 (7.8)

2 (11.8)

3 (3.4)

26 (10.3)

  

Refuge

0 (0.0)

2 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (3.4)

7 (2.8)

  

Facility

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (4.8)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

3 (3.4)

6 (2.4)

  

Miss

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (4.7)

2 (11.8)

1 (1.1)

6 (2.4)

  

Residence classification (3/11)

Over30km

5 (29.4)

3 (14.3)

5 (11.9)

1 (25.0)

8 (12.5)

3 (17.6)

17 (19.5)

42 (16.7)

0.38

0.10

Under20km

12 (70.6)

18 (85.7)

37 (88.1)

3 (75.0)

56 (87.5)

14 (82.4)

70 (80.5)

210 (83.3)

  

Hospitalization/Inpatient Status (3/11)

Home

17 (100.0)

21 (100.0)

42 (100.0)

4 (100.0)

64 (100.0)

17 (100.0)

87 (100.0)

252 (100.0)

NaN

NaN

Ward of residence (3/11)

Haramachi

12 (70.6)

16 (76.2)

27 (64.3)

4 (100.0)

29 (45.3)

13 (76.5)

45 (51.7)

146 (57.9)

0.11

0.14

Odaka

2 (11.8)

4 (19.0)

12 (28.6)

0 (0.0)

32 (50.0)

2 (11.8)

31 (35.6)

83 (32.9)

  

Kashima

3 (17.6)

1 (4.8)

3 (7.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (4.7)

2 (11.8)

11 (12.6)

23 (9.1)

  

Direct cause of death

A00-B99 (infectious disease)

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (11.8)

1 (1.1)

5 (2.0)

0.08

NaN

C00-D48 (malignant growth)

1 (5.9)

1 (4.8)

15 (35.7)

1 (25.0)

21 (32.8)

3 (17.6)

17 (19.5)

59 (23.4)

  

D50-D89 (Hematological or Immunological Diseases)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.8)

  

E00-E90 (Endocrine or Metabolic Disease)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

  

I00-I99 (circulatory disease)

5 (29.4)

12 (57.1)

5 (11.9)

0 (0.0)

10 (15.6)

4 (23.5)

26 (29.9)

62 (24.6)

  

J00-J99 (respiratory disease)

3 (17.6)

3 (14.3)

10 (23.8)

0 (0.0)

14 (21.9)

1 (5.9)

20 (23.0)

51 (20.2)

  

K00-K93 (gastrointestinal disease)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (7.1)

1 (25.0)

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.3)

7 (2.8)

  

N00-N99 (urological disease)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.8)

2 (4.8)

1 (25.0)

1 (1.6)

1 (5.9)

3 (3.4)

9 (3.6)

  

R00-R99 (senility)

6 (35.3)

4 (19.0)

4 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

6 (9.4)

3 (17.6)

14 (16.1)

37 (14.7)

  

S00-T98 (Damage or poisoning)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.6)

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.8)

  

V01-Y98 (Suicide or death by external causes)

1 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

2 (4.8)

1 (25.0)

8 (12.5)

1 (5.9)

4 (4.6)

17 (6.7)

  

Age at the time of death

 

81.2 ± 10.3

85.9 ± 9.24

78.6 ± 10.4

61.8 ± 22.9

75.3 ± 18.2

77.2 ± 10.8

85.8 ± 9.44

80.7 ± 13.6

 < 0.001

0.12

Number of evacuations

 

0.0588 ± 0.243

1.43 ± 0.87

2.44 ± 1.47

2.75 ± 0.957

3.80 ± 1.92

2.24 ± 1.09

2.17 ± 1.14

2.44 ± 1.69

 < 0.001

0.19

Number of movements

 

0.118 ± 0.332

2.10 ± 1.26

4.10 ± 2.52

3.50 ± 1.73

5.53 ± 2.79

3.18 ± 1.70

3.44 ± 1.68

3.73 ± 2.51

 < 0.001

0.14

Number of days since the earthquake

 

98.0 ± 172.3

51.7 ± 39.2

228.8 ± 225.0

667.5 ± 237.6

611.5 ± 514.2

488.1 ± 432.9

192.0 ± 137.6

314.2 ± 371.0

 < 0.001

0.26

  1. *Fisher’s test for categorical variables, one-way ANOVA otherwise.
  2. †Cramer's V for categorical variables, η2 otherwise.
  3. Statistical analysis is performed only for groups with n ≥ 30.
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