Table 1 Socio-economic inequalities defined using concentration indices in child undernutrition among 24 lower-, lower-middle, and upper-middle-income countries, 2017–2022.

From: Undernutrition in children under five associated with wealth-related inequality in 24 low- and middle-income countries from 2017 to 2022

Countries

Economic category

Stunting (95%CI)

Wasting (95%CI)

Underweight (95%CI)

Undernutrition (95%CI)

Overall

 

− 0.12 (− 0.13,− 0.12)*

− 0.08 (− 0.08,− 0.07)*

− 0.141 (− 0.144,− 0.138)*

− 0.096 (− 0.098,− 0.094)*

 Albania

UMIC

− 0.17 (− 0.23,0.03)

− 0.08 (− 0.23,0.07)

− 0.1 (− 0.26,0.05)

− 0.17 (− 0.22,− 0.12)*

 Bangladesh

LMIC

− 0.15 (− 0.17,− 0.13)*

− 0.06 (− 0.1,− 0.02)*

− 0.15 (− 0.17,− 0.12)*

− 0.13 (− 0.14,− 0.11) *

 Benin

LIC

− 0.13 (− 0.29,− 0.11)*

0 (− 0.04,0.04)

− 0.12 (− 0.14,− 0.1)*

− 0.09 (− 0.1,− 0.08)*

 Burundi

LIC

− 0.14 (− 0.15,− 0.12)*

− 0.18 (− 0.24,− 0.12)*

− 0.2 (− 0.22,− 0.18)*

− 0.12 (− 0.13,− 0.10) *

 Cameroon

LMIC

− 0.19 (− 0.22,− 0.17)*

− 0.21 (− 0.29,− 0.12)*

− 0.33 (− 0.37,− 0.28)*

− 0.19 (− 0.22,− 0.17) *

 Ethiopia

LIC

− 0.09 (− 0.11,− 0.07)*

− 0.24 (− 0.29,− 0.2)*

− 0.17 (− 0.2,− 0.14)*

− 0.10 (− 0.13,− 0.09*

 Gambia

LIC

− 0.11 (− 0.15,− 0.07)*

0.02 (− 0.06,0.09)

− 0.09 (− 0.14, − 0.05)*

− 0.07 (− 0.11, − 0.04) *

 Guinea

LIC

− 0.11 (− 0.13,− 0.08)*

− 0.02 (− 0.08,0.04)

− 0.11 (− 0.15, − 0.07)*

− 0.09 (− 0.12, − 0.06) *

 Haiti

LIC

− 0.2 (− 0.23,− 0.17)*

0 (− 0.08,0.07)

− 0.19 (− 0.24, − 0.14)*

− 0.18 (− 0.20, − 0.15) *

 India

UMIC

− 0.12 (− 0.124,− 0.118)*

− 0.07 (− 0.073,− 0.062)*

− 0.13 (− 0.137, − 0.13)*

− 0.09 (− 0.10,− 0.08) *

 Liberia

LIC

− 0.07 (− 0.1,0.02)

0.12 (0.01,0.11)*

− 0.04 (− 0.1,0.43)

− 0.07 (− 0.11,− 0.04) *

Maldives

LMIC

− 0.06 (− 0.11,0.1)

− 0.02 (− 0.09,1.39)

− 0.07 (− 0.12,0.05)

− 0.06 (− 0.10,0.02)

 Mali

LIC

− 0.15 (− 0.17,0.01)

− 0.08 (− 0.11,0.02)

− 0.14 (− 0.17,0.01)

− 0.11 (− 0.13,0.01)

 Mauritania

LMIC

− 0.13 (− 0.15,0.01)

− 0.16 (− 0.2,0.02)

− 0.19 (− 0.21,0.01)

− 0.13 (− 0.15,0.01)

 Niger

LIC

− 0.06 (− 0.08,0.01)

− 0.08 (− 0.12,0.02)

− 0.08 (− 0.11,0.01)

− 0.06 (− 0.08,0.01)

 Nigeria

LMIC

− 0.22 (− 0.23,0.01)

− 0.18 (− 0.22,0.02)

− 0.24 (− 0.26,0.01)

− 0.12 (− 0.13,0.01)

 Pakistan

LIC

− 0.18 (− 0.21,0.01)

− 0.14 (− 0.2,0.03)

− 0.26 (− 0.29,0.02)

− 0.16 (− 0.18,0.01)

 Papua

LIC

− 0.14 (− 0.16,0.01)

− 0.03 (− 0.09,0.63)

− 0.12 (− 0.15,0.02)

− 0.09 (− 0.12,0.01)

 Rwanda

LIC

− 0.21 (− 0.23,0.01)

− 0.11 (− 0.28,0.45)

− 0.26 (− 0.32,0.03)

− 0.20 (− 0.23,0.01)

 Senegal

LMIC

− 0.18 (− 0.21,0.02)

− 0.09 (− 0.13,0.02)

− 0.18 (− 0.21,0.02)

− 0.14 (− 0.16,0.01)

 Sierra Leone

LIC

− 0.09 (− 0.12,0.01)

0 (− 0.07,1.87)

− 0.05 (− 0.1,0.04)

− 0.08 (− 0.11,0.01)

 Tajikistan

LIC

− 0.08 (− 0.11,0.02)

0.16 (0.1,0.03)

− 0.01 (− 0.06,1.34)

− 0.01 (− 0.04,0.61)

 Türkiye

UMIC

− 0.27 (− 0.33,0.03)

− 0.05 (− 0.22,1.12)

− 0.23 (− 0.37,0.07)

− 0.26 (− 0.31,− 0.20)*

 Zambia

LIC

− 0.08 (− 0.1,0.01)

0.01 (− 0.05,1.51)

− 0.11 (− 0.14,0.02)

− 0.07 (− 0.09,0.01)

  1. *Significant at p-value < 0.05.
  2. UMIC, upper middle-income country; LMIC, lower middle-income country; LIC, low-income country.