Table 1 Univariate analysis results related to postoperative non-union of closed femoral shaft fracture [n (%)].
Variable | All | Union (n = 566) | Non-union (n = 51) | P value | Variable | All | Union (n = 566) | Non-union (n = 51) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.399 | Hypertension | 0.147 | ||||||
Male | 466 (75.5) | 425 (75.1) | 41 (80.4) | Yes | 13 (2.1) | 10 (1.8) | 3 (5.9) | ||
Female | 151 (24.5) | 141 (24.9) | 10 (19.6) | No | 604 (97.9) | 556 (98.2) | 48 (94.1) | ||
Age(years) | < 0.001 | Coronary heart disease | 0.197* | ||||||
0–10 | 159 (25.8) | 159 (28.1) | 0 (0.0) | Yes | 10 (1.6) | 8 (1.4) | 2 (3.9) | ||
11–20 | 90 (14.6) | 90 (15.9) | 0 (0.0) | No | 607 (98.4) | 558 (98.6) | 49 (96.1) | ||
21–30 | 135 (21.9) | 119 (21.0) | 16 (31.4) | Osteoporosis | 0.055* | ||||
31–40 | 90 (14.6) | 81 (14.3) | 9 (17.6) | Yes | 11 (1.8) | 8 (1.4) | 3 (5.9) | ||
41–50 | 82 (13.3) | 67 (11.8) | 15 (29.4) | No | 606 (98.2) | 558 (98.6) | 48 (94.1) | ||
> 50 | 61 (9.9) | 50 (8.8) | 11 (21.6) | Respiratory system disease | 0.279 | ||||
Ethnic origin | 0.870 | Yes | 16 (2.6) | 13 (2.3) | 3 (5.9) | ||||
Han | 601 (97.4) | 552 (97.5) | 49 (96.1) | No | 601 (97.4) | 553 (97.7) | 48 (94.1) | ||
Others | 16 (2.6) | 14 (2.5) | 2 (3.9) | Hepatobiliary system disease | 0.933 | ||||
Urbanization | 0.237 | Yes | 17 (2.8) | 15 (2.7) | 2 (3.9) | ||||
Urban area | 108 (17.5) | 96 (17.0) | 12 (23.5) | No | 600 (97.2) | 551 (97.3) | 49 (96.1) | ||
Rural area | 509 (82.5) | 470 (83.0) | 39 (76.5) | Anemia | 0.455* | ||||
Occupation | 0.708* | Yes | 7 (1.1) | 6 (1.1) | 1 (2.0) | ||||
Student | 186 (30.1) | 174 (30.7) | 12 (23.5) | No | 610 (98.9) | 560 (98.9) | 50 (98.0) | ||
Office worker | 51 (8.3) | 46 (8.1) | 5 (9.8) | Other preoperative underlying conditions | 0.326 | ||||
Farmer | 190 (30.8) | 172 (30.4) | 18 (35.3) | Yes | 26 (4.2) | 22 (3.9) | 4 (7.8) | ||
Manual worker | 27 (4.4) | 26 (4.6) | 1 (2.0) | No | 591 (95.8) | 544 (96.1) | 47 (92.2) | ||
Retired or Unemployed | 15 (2.4) | 13 (2.3) | 2 (3.9) | Waiting time for surgery (days) | 0.102 | ||||
Others | 148 (24.0) | 135 (23.9) | 13 (25.5) | 0–7 | 496 (80.4) | 460 (81.3) | 36 (70.6) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.565 | 8–14 | 92 (14.9) | 82 (14.5) | 10 (19.6) | ||||
< 18.5 | 180 (29.2) | 168 (29.7) | 12 (23.5) | > 14 | 29 (4.7) | 24 (4.2) | 5 (9.8) | ||
18.5–23.9 | 211 (34.2) | 195 (34.5) | 16 (31.4) | Operation method | 0.601 | ||||
24–27.9 | 211 (34.2) | 190 (33.6) | 21 (41.2) | Open | 245 (39.7) | 223 (39.4) | 22 (43.1) | ||
≥ 28.0 | 15 (2.4) | 13 (2.3) | 2 (3.9) | Closure | 372 (60.3) | 343 (60.6) | 29 (56.9) | ||
Season | 0.563 | Internal fixation | 0.860* | ||||||
Spring | 157 (25.4) | 140 (24.7) | 17 (33.3) | Intramedullary nail | 391 (63.4) | 359 (63.4) | 32 (62.7) | ||
Summer | 136 (22.0) | 127 (22.4) | 9 (17.6) | Screw | 27 (4.4) | 26 (4.6) | 1 (2.0) | ||
Autumn | 186 (30.1) | 171 (30.2) | 15 (29.4) | Screw + Plate | 148 (24.0) | 135 (23.9) | 13 (25.5) | ||
Winter | 138 (22.4) | 128 (22.6) | 10 (19.6) | Screw + Plate + Bone graft | 51 (8.3) | 46 (8.1) | 5 (9.8) | ||
Smoking | < 0.001 | Anesthesia | 0.529 | ||||||
Yes | 120 (19.4) | 97 (17.1) | 23 (45.1) | General anesthesia | 337 (54.6) | 307 (54.2) | 30 (58.8) | ||
No | 497 (80.6) | 469 (82.9) | 28 (54.9) | Local anesthesia | 280 (45.4) | 259 (45.8) | 21 (41.2) | ||
Drinking | 0.478 | Bone defect | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 120 (19.4) | 112 (19.8) | 8 (15.7) | Yes | 65 (10.5) | 46 (8.1) | 19 (37.3) | ||
No | 497 (80.6) | 454 (80.2) | 43 (84.3) | No | 552 (89.5) | 520 (91.9) | 32 (62.7) | ||
AO/OTA classification | < 0.001 | Postoperative infection | 0.005 | ||||||
A | 341 (55.3) | 333 (58.8) | 8 (15.7) | Yes | 43 (7.0) | 34 (6.0) | 9 (17.6) | ||
B | 188 (30.5) | 163 (28.8) | 25 (49.0) | No | 574 (93.0) | 532 (94.0) | 42 (82.4) | ||
C | 88 (14.3) | 70 (12.4) | 18 (35.3) | Deep vein thrombosis of lower extremities | 0.115 | ||||
Injury cause | 0.778 | Yes | 68 (11.0) | 59 (10.4) | 9 (17.6) | ||||
Traffic accident | 237 (38.4) | 220 (38.9) | 17 (33.3) | No | 549 (89.0) | 507 (89.6) | 42 (82.4) | ||
Fall on the flat ground | 148 (24.0) | 135 (23.9) | 13 (25.5) | Other postoperative complications | 1.000* | ||||
Fall from a high altitude | 27 (4.4) | 26 (4.6) | 1 (2.0) | Yes | 5 (0.8) | 5 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Heavy objects crash | 185 (30.0) | 167 (29.5) | 18 (35.3) | No | 612 (99.2) | 561 (99.1) | 51 (100.0) | ||
Other | 20 (3.2) | 18 (3.2) | 2 (3.9) | Rehabilitation training | 0.129 | ||||
Preoperative combined injuries | 0.527 | Yes | 62 (10.0) | 60 (10.6) | 2 (3.9) | ||||
Yes | 231 (37.4) | 214 (37.8) | 17 (33.3) | No | 555 (90.0) | 506 (89.4) | 49 (96.1) | ||
No | 386 (62.6) | 352 (62.2) | 34 (66.7) | Weight-bearing time (months) | 0.622 | ||||
Hypoalbuminemia | 1.000 | 0–1 | 184 (29.8) | 172 (30.4) | 12 (23.5) | ||||
Yes | 22 (3.6) | 20 (3.5) | 2 (3.9) | 1–2 | 190 (30.8) | 172 (30.4) | 18 (35.3) | ||
No | 595 (96.4) | 546 (96.5) | 49 (96.1) | 2–3 | 52 (8.4) | 47 (8.3) | 5 (9.8) | ||
Diabetes | 0.665 | 3–6 | 159 (25.8) | 144 (25.4) | 15 (29.4) | ||||
Yes | 13 (2.1) | 11 (1.9) | 2 (3.9) | > 6 | 32 (5.2) | 31 (5.5) | 1 (2.0) | ||
No | 604 (97.9) | 555 (98.1) | 49 (96.1) | ||||||
