Table 1 Characteristics of included studies.
Study | Age (y) | Gender (M/F) | Disease | DH device | Duration | TR protocol | DH protocol | Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gianola 2020 | 68.6 ± 8.8 | 37/48 | TKA | VR | 10 days; 1x/day | Passive knee motion and walking; 60 min | Similar exercises for goals with VR | Pain, ROM |
Hadamus 2021 | 68.5 ± 6.3 | 14/28 | TKA | VR | 4 weeks; 5x/week | Knee range of motion, gait and balance, manual therapy and massage | Additionally received 3x/week of VR games | Balance |
Hadamus 2022 | 68.5 ± 6.4 | 19/40 | TKA | VR | 4 weeks; 5x/week | Knee range of motion, gait and balance, manual therapy and massage | Additionally received 3x/week of VR games | WV |
Li 2022 | 32.7 ± 7.7 | 18/22 | Knee joint injury | AR | 14 days; 1x/day | Active and passive ankle joint function exercises | A virtual knee joint was constructed in the exercise therapy to drive the real knee joint to carry out training | Pain |
Nambi 2020 | 22.3 ± 1.3 | 40/0 | Knee OA | VR | 4 weeks; 5x/week | Resistance training for muscles around the knee joint, 15 repetitions, 3 sets, 20 min | VR games that focus on knee joint movements, 20 min | Pain |
Ozlu 2023 | 53.5 ± 9.9 | 30/43 | Knee OA | VR | 3 weeks; 5x/week | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the knee; 20 min; 100 MHz | Additionally received 3x/week of VR games | Pain, balance, WV |
Pournajaf 2020 | 69.7 ± 6.9 | 22/34 | TKA | VR | 3 weeks; 5x/week | Balance and proprioception training; 45 min | Similar exercises for goals with VR | Pain, WV |
Shim 2023 | 70.6 ± 6.6 | 11/43 | TKA | AR | 12 weeks; 7x/week | ROM, gait, balance and strengthening exercise | Lower limb range of motion, stretching and isometric exercises based on AR | Pain, ROM, balance, WV |
Yu 2023 | 68.9 ± 3.7 | 3/21 | TKA | AR | 4 weeks; 3x/week | Passive range of motion and continuous passive motion training; 30 min | Lower limb function exercise based on AR | Pain, ROM, balance |
