Table 4 Panel unit root tests.

From: An environmental perspective of energy consumption, overpopulation, and human capital barriers in South Asia

Variables

Maddala-Wu

Pesaran’s CIPS

Without trend

With trend

Without trend

With trend

Statistics

p-values

Statistics

p-values

Statistics

p-values

Statistics

p-values

CO2

0.448

1.000

4.342

0.931

1.623

0.948

2.172

0.985

ENGU

4.706

0.910

0.045

1.000

3.717

1.000

3.076

0.999

PCGDP

0.048

1.000

1.425

0.999

2.726

0.997

2.988

0.999

PCGDP2

0.004

1.000

0.260

1.000

4.012

1.000

5.281

1.000

POPD

8.037

0.625

60.900***

0.000

1.439

0.925

1.374

0.915

HCI

15.815

0.105

8.142

0.615

5.550

1.000

1.084

0.861

  1. Source: Authors’ calculations.
  2. ***indicates significance at 1% level.
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