Table 6 Panel causality test.

From: An environmental perspective of energy consumption, overpopulation, and human capital barriers in South Asia

H0: Xs cause CO2

W-bar

z-statistics

p-value

H0: CO2 causes Xs

W-bar

z-statistics

p-value

ENGU → CO2

14.763

21.761***

0.000

CO2 → ENGU

2.235

1.952

0.220

PCGDP → CO2

7.114

9.667***

0.000

CO2 → PCGDP

2.247

1.972

0.200

PCGDP2 → CO2

8.313

11.562***

0.000

CO2 → PCGDP2

1.914

1.446

0.220

POPD → CO2

3.261

3.574

0.420

CO2 → POPD

58.492

90.902***

0.000

HCI → CO2

3.375

3.756

0.330

CO2 → HCI

9.147

12.881***

0.000

  1. Source: Authors’ calculations.
  2. *** indicates significance at 1% level. → indicates the direction of causality.
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