Table 7 Panel regression results.

From: An environmental perspective of energy consumption, overpopulation, and human capital barriers in South Asia

Dependent variable: CO2

Random effects model

Fixed effects model

Coefficients

DK-Std. error

t-values

Coefficients

DK-Std. error

t-values

ENGU

0.003***

0.000

8.51

0.002***

0.001

4.53

PCGDP

310.154*

162.390

1.91

429.030**

181.651

2.36

PCGDP2

− 0.065**

0.025

− 2.60

− 0.075***

0.026

− 2.87

POPD

0.001***

0.000

5.83

0.000

0.000

0.57

HCI

− 0.227***

0.071

− 3.22

− 0.162*

0.090

− 1.80

Constant

− 0.534***

0.135

− 3.96

− 0.334

0.097

− 3.44

Diagnostic checks

 Adjusted r-squared

0.842

  

0.911

  

 F-statistics

437.627***

0.000

 

46.456***

0.000

 

 Normality (JQ)

1.6026

0.325

 

4.057

0.131

 
  1. Source: Authors’ calculations.
  2. *, **, and *** indicate significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. DK: Driscoll and Kraay. Hausman’s chi-squared = 2.46 with a p-value of 0.292. JQ: Jarque–Bera test.
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