Table 2 Fixed effects adjusted linear regression models for private-sector antibiotic consumption in India.

From: Determinants of private-sector antibiotic consumption in India: findings from a quasi-experimental fixed-effects regression analysis using cross-sectional time-series data, 2011–2019

Variable

Model 1a

Model 2b

β [95% CIs]

SE

p value

β [SE]

p value

Population, in millions

–

–

–

− 0.054 [0.039]

0.186

Per capita GDP, in ₹ ‘000 s, at current prices

− 0.028 [− 0.048, − 0.009]

0.009

0.006

− 0.031 [0.009]

0.003

Per capita government spending on health, in ₹ ‘000 s

− 1.264 [− 2.155, − 0.373]

0.424

0.008

− 1.355 [0.443]

0.007

Girls’ tertiary education enrollment, %

− 0.127 [− 0.217, − 0.037]

0.043

0.008

− 0.133 [0.040]

0.003

Measles Vaccination rate, per 1000 eligible children

− 0.001 [− 0.003, 0.001]

0.001

0.158

− 0.001 [0.001]

0.163

Incidence of LRTI, per 100 population

1.705 [0.75, 2.659]

0.455

0.001

1.633 [0.415]

0.001

Number of states

19

Number of observations

171

  1. Model 1 did not adjust for population changes, Model 2 adjusted for population changes.
  2. Significant values are in [bold].
  3. GDP gross domestic product, LRTI lower respiratory tract infection, SE standard error.
  4. acorr(u_i, Xb) = − 0.9366; rho = 0.99; R-squared: Within = 0.4387; Between = 0.5979; Overall = 0.5182.
  5. bcorr (u_i, Xb) = − 0.8989; rho = 0.99; R-squared: Within = 0.4463; Between = 0.4052; Overall = 0.3441.
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