Table 3 Fixed effects adjusted regression models for private-sector antibiotic consumption in High Focus and non-High Focus States in India, 2011–2019.

Variable	Model 1				Model 2
	High focus states^a		Non-high focus states^b		High focus states^c		Non-high focus states ^d
	β [SE]	p value	β [SE]	p value	β [SE]	p value	β [SE]	p value
Population, in millions	–	–	–	–	− 0.022 [0.026]	0.438	− 0.286 [0.121]	0.040
Per capita GDP, in ₹ ‘000 s, at current prices	− 0.027 [0.015]	0.121	− 0.014 [0.012]	0.276	− 0.022 [0.015]	0.194	− 0.023 [0.010]	0.051
Per capita government spending on health, in ₹ ‘000 s	− 0.872 [0.166]	0.001	− 1.694 [0.736]	0.044	− 1.087 [0.379]	0.024	− 1.50 [0.682]	0.052
Girls’ education enrollment, %	− 0.054 [0.070]	0.469	− 0.151 [0.047]	0.009	− 0.066 [0.062]	0.314	− 0.195 [0.044]	0.001
Measles Vaccination rate, per 1000 children	0.001 [0.001]	0.282	− 0.002 [0.001]	0.068	0.001 [0.001]	0.258	− 0.002 [0.001]	0.098
Incidence of LRTI, per 100 population	1.286 [0.576]	0.061	2.137 [0.595]	0.005	1.215 [0.583]	0.076	2.236 [0.541]	0.003
Number of states	11		8		11		8
Number of observations	99		72		99		72

Model 1 did not adjust for population changes, Model 2 adjusted for population changes.
Significant values are in [bold].
GDP gross domestic product, LRTI lower respiratory tract infection, SE standard error.
^acorr (u_i, Xb) = − 0.8271; rho = 0.96; R-squared: Within = 0.5501; Between = 0.2397; Overall = 0.1037.
^bcorr (u_i, Xb) = − 0.8625; rho = 0.98; R-squared: Within = 0.4647; Between = 0.2871; Overall = 0.2202.
^ccorr(u_i, Xb) = − 0.8825; rho = 0.97; R-squared: Within = 0.5548; Between = 0.2442; Overall = 0.1278.
^dcorr(u_i, Xb) = − 0.7489; rho = 0.98; R-squared: Within = 0.4890; Between = 0.1159; Overall = 0.1232.

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