Table 2 A/T/N classification of the study population.

From: Odor identification score as an alternative method for early identification of amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease

Variables

Total

Normal

AD continuum

Suspect non-AD pathophysiology (SNAP)

P-value

A−/T−/N−

A+/T−/N−

A+/T+/N−

A+/T+/N+

A+/T−/N+

A−/T+/N−

A−/T+/N+

A−/T−/N+

Number

132

37

6

13

22

5

27

10

12

–

Number: normal, aMCI, AD

60,23,49

30,6,1

2,0,4

0,5,8

1,3,18

0,1,4

15,6,6

3,0,7

9,2,1

–

Age (years)

71.2 (7.5)

70.3 (7.5)

68.0 (8.9)

72.1 (6.0)

70.7 (8.2)

70.4 (10.8)

71.4 (8.2)

75.9 (3.9)

71.0 (5.9)

0.389**

Male sex (%)

67/132 (51)

20 (54)

2/6 (33)

4/13 (30)

11/22 (50)

1/5 (20)

16/27 (59)

5/10 (50)

8/12 (67)

–

Education, years

14.4 (2.2)

14.4 (1.9)

14.3 (2.0)

14.8 (2.9)

13.8 (2.0)

13.0 (3.0)

14.8 (2.0)

13.7 (2.4)

15.2 (2.6)

0.390**

ApoE4 carrier number (%)

44/131 (34)

3/37 (8)

2/6 (33)

8/13 (62)

14/22 (64)

2/5 (40)

7/26 (27)

5/10 (50)

3/12 (25)

–

BMI

22.2 (3.7)

22.9 (3.6)

24.7 (5.7)

20.2 (3.0)

20.6 (3.4)

20.8 (4.9)

23.7 (3.6)

21.6 (3.2)

22.1 (2.5)

0.012

MMSE

26.5 (3.9)

28.9 (1.3)

22.7 (4.9)

25.2 (2.9)

24.6 (3.8)

22.6 (3.8)

27.2 (3.1)

22.6 (6.0)

28.8 (1.4)

 < 0.001**

ADAS-cog J

7.3 (5.8) (n = 128)a

3.8 (2.1) (n = 37)

14.9 (9.8) (n = 6)

9.9 (4.4) (n = 13)

10.3 (4.6) (n = 21)

17.4 (13.4) (n = 5)

5.7 (3.4) (n = 25)

8.9 (3.9) (n = 9)

3.9 (2.1) (n = 12)

 < 0.001**

FAB

15.1 (2.8)

16.5 (1.8)

12.5 (3.2)

13.4 (2.9)

14.0 (3.3)

13.4 (2.6)

15.4 (2.4)

14.3 (2.9)

16.7 (1.8)

 < 0.001**

GDS

2.9 (2.3)

2.7 (2.0)

2.2 (2.0)

2.8 (1.5)

3.3 (2.1)

3.4 (2.3)

3.4 (3.2)

2.3 (1.3)

2.8 (2.5)

0.898**

WMS-R Attention/Concentration

66.6 (12.2) (n = 124)b

69.3 (11.6) (n = 36)

59.3 (13.0) (n = 4)

61.3 (12.8) (n = 13)

63.1 (11.9) (n = 21)

57.3 (8.5) (n = 4)

69.2 (11.5) (n = 26)

61.2 (12.9) (n = 9)

74.5 (9.9) (n = 11)

0.013

WMS-R Delayed recall

47.0 (30.5) (n = 123)c

68.8 (17.9) (n = 36)

47.8 (48.6) (n = 4)

23.5 (21.2) (n = 13)

20.7 (19.3) (n = 20)

19.3 (7.8) (n = 4)

49.0 (29.4) (n = 26)

26.4 (27.9) (n = 9)

73.2 (14.8) (n = 11)

 < 0.001

WMS-R Logical Memory II

10.1 (9.8) (n = 127)d

16.5 (7.7) (n = 36)

11.2 (15.0) (n = 5)

3.2 (5.5) (n = 13)

2.6 (6.0) (n = 22)

0.8 (1.3) (n = 5)

11.4 (9.2) (n = 26)

4.4 (6.3) (n = 9)

17.3 (9.4) (n = 11)

 < 0.001

Odor identification scores

5.3 (2.5)

6.7 (2.2)

4.2 (2.3)

5.2 (1.7)

4.1 (2.3)

2.6 (0.9)

5.6 (2.6)

3.8 (2.3)

5.6 (2.3)

 < 0.001

CSF Aβ1-42 pg/ml

940.5 (471.1)

1316.4 (379.3)

456 (118.3)

445.5 (80.9)

456.3 (116.7)

408.6 (139.8)

1084.1 (279.4)

1035.9 (380.2)

1267 (396.6)

–

CSF Aβ1-40 pg/ml

8554 (3398)

9489 (3099)

4866 (1574)

6722 (2436)

9506 (4368)

7558 (4937)

7325 (2735)

9681 (2348)

9995 (2693)

–

CSF Aβ42/40 ratio

0.136 (0.173)

0.148 (0.048)

0.099 (0.023)

0.072 (0.021)

0.057 (0.028)

0.217 (0.384)

0.216 (0.325)

0.113 (0.051)

0.133 (0.047)

–

CSF p-Tau pg/ml

69.59 (39.44)

38.45 (13.03)

27.73 (14.67)

90.46 (24.23)

92.16 (24.49)

48.32 (7.57)

100.80 (46.60)

95.56 (32.87)

39.52 (10.42)

–

CSF t-Tau pg/ml

709.7 (397.1)

483.4 (196.4)

489.4 (254.1)

507.6 (159.2)

1139.3 (391.4)

1103.2 (219.9)

447.1 (182.0)

1307.1 (329.9)

878.2 (81.1)

–

CSF p-Tau/Aβ1-42 ratio

0.104 (0.090)

0.031 (0.012)

0.057 (0.018)

0.209 (0.069)

0.218 (0.089)

0.136 (0.071)

0.098 (0.050)

0.102 (0.05)

0.033 (0.013)

–

  1. Data are shown as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated. P-values with no asterisk are for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  2. **Kruskal-Wallis test.
  3. A(+) amyloid-positive individuals with ATN classification; A(−) amyloid-negative; T(+) p-Tau positive; T(−) p-Tau negative; N(+) t-Tau positive; N(−) t-Tau negative; aMCI amnestic mild cognitive impairment; AD Alzheimer’s disease; BMI body mass index; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; ADAS-cog J Alzheimer-Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive-Japanese version; FAB Frontal Assessment Battery; GDS 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; WMS-R Wechsler Memory Scale-revised; CSF cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ amyloidβ; p-Tau Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; t-Tau total Tau; SNAP suspected non-AD pathophysiology.
  4. aFour participants did not consent.
  5. bEight participants did not consent.
  6. cNine participants did not consent.
  7. dFive participants did not consent.
  8. P-values were calculated for mean comparisons among the eight groups (Normal, AD continuum, and SNAP). The null hypothesis was that all the means of the eight groups were equal. We applied one-way ANOVA for normally distributed variables and the Kruskal–Wallis test for non-normally distributed variables.
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