Table 1 General characteristics of study participants across tertiles of major NPs1.

From: Nutrient patterns in relation to metabolic health status and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and adropin in adults

 

Tertiles of NP1, high animal protein

P-value2

Tertiles of NP2, High vegetables

P-value2

Tertiles of NP3, high carbohydrate

P-value2

T1 (n = 175)

T2 (n = 176)

T3 (n = 176)

T1 (n = 175)

T2 (n = 176)

T3 (n = 176)

T1 (n = 175)

T2 (n = 176)

T3 (n = 176)

Age (y)

45.48 ± 11.54

41.78 ± 11.33

40.73 ± 10.15

 < 0.001

40.72 ± 10.87

42.38 ± 10.83

44.86 ± 11.52

 < 0.001

42.87 ± 11.59

44.13 ± 10.33

40.98 ± 11.45

0.03

Sex (%)

   

0.59

   

0.06

   

 < 0.001

 Male

56.0

51.1

55.7

 

59.4

56.3

47.2

 

42.9

52.3

67.6

 

 Female

44.0

48.9

44.3

 

40.6

43.8

52.8

 

57.1

47.7

32.4

 

Marital status (%)

   

0.83

   

0.96

   

0.31

 Single

16.2

17.3

15.3

 

15.0

16.7

17.1

 

12.7

19.0

17.1

 

 Married

82.1

80.9

84.1

 

83.8

82.2

81.1

 

86.1

78.7

82.3

 

 Divorced or widow

1.7

1.7

0.6

 

1.2

1.1

1.7

 

1.2

2.3

0.6

 

Education status (%)

   

0.04

   

0.98

   

0.56

 Diploma or lower

15.5

6.9

10.9

 

11.4

10.9

11.0

 

9.8

10.3

13.1

 

 Higher than diploma

84.5

93.1

89.1

 

88.6

89.1

89.0

 

90.2

89.7

86.9

 

Socioeconomic status (%)

   

 < 0.001

   

0.12

   

0.67

 Low

40.0

28.4

27.7

 

38.8

27.0

28.8

 

30.7

32.4

31.9

 

 Moderate

40.0

29.3

27.7

 

33.6

33.0

28.8

 

31.6

27.8

36.3

 

 High

20.0

42.2

44.5

 

27.6

40.0

42.3

 

37.7

39.8

31.9

 

Weight (kg)

73.99 ± 14.57

75.37 ± 14.31

77.96 ± 14.68

0.04

76.14 ± 15.47

76.09 ± 13.39

75.10 ± 14.89

0.75

73.81 ± 13.29

74.84 ± 14.03

78.66 ± 15.94

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

26.69 ± 4.71

26.86 ± 4.39

27.17 ± 4.21

0.59

26.68 ± 4.49

26.97 ± 3.98

27.08 ± 4.82

0.68

26.61 ± 4.22

26.79 ± 4.22

27.32 ± 4.83

0.30

Waist circumference (cm)

91.85 ± 11.45

92.33 ± 11.20

93.80 ± 11.79

0.26

92.26 ± 12.38

93.37 ± 9.99

92.36 ± 11.99

0.61

90.74 ± 11.39

92.56 ± 10.29

94.67 ± 12.42

0.01

Smoking (%)

   

0.90

   

0.80

   

0.24

 Non-smoker

92.1

94.9

93.8

 

93.9

92.2

94.7

 

93.8

91.1

96.1

 

 Ex-smoker

3.9

2.5

3.1

 

2.4

3.9

3.3

 

4.4

3.8

1.3

 

 Current smoker

3.9

2.5

3.1

 

3.7

3.9

2.0

 

1.9

5.1

2.6

 

Physical activity (MET.min/week)

   

0.41

   

0.46

   

0.05

 Inactive

59.4

58.0

52.6

 

60.9

54.3

54.9

 

60.7

53.1

56.3

 

 Minimally active

32.0

33.3

41.1

 

33.3

35.4

37.7

 

31.8

42.3

32.4

 

 Active

8.6

8.6

6.3

 

5.7

10.3

7.4

 

7.5

4.6

11.4

 

Eating pattern (%)

   

0.02

   

0.86

   

0.15

 Regular

49.7

64.7

57.4

 

55.7

57.3

58.7

 

52.1

56.7

62.7

 

 Irregular

50.3

35.3

42.6

 

44.3

42.7

41.3

 

47.9

43.3

37.3

 

Eating rate (%)

   

0.66

   

 < 0.001

   

0.81

 Fast

12.4

9.9

9.3

 

18.3

5.9

7.6

 

11.3

9.8

10.5

 

 Moderate

75.2

77.2

81.4

 

70.7

81.2

81.8

 

75.0

79.3

79.7

 

 Slow

12.4

12.9

9.3

 

11.0

12.9

10.6

 

13.7

11.0

9.9

 

Intra meal fluid intake (%)

   

0.17

   

0.07

   

0.02

 Moderate

70.4

64.8

60.5

 

59.6

64.2

71.9

 

71.6

66.7

57.5

 

 More

29.6

35.2

39.5

 

40.4

35.8

28.1

 

28.4

33.3

42.5

 

Fatty food intake (%)

   

0.92

   

0.90

   

0.28

 High

48.4

46.3

46.7

 

47.0

48.5

46.0

 

43.1

46.5

51.8

 

 Low

51.6

53.7

53.3

 

53.0

51.5

54.0

 

56.9

53.5

48.2

 

BDNF (ng/mL)

1.43 ± 2.77

1.15 ± 0.52

1.17 ± 0.56

0.21

1.14 ± 0.48

1.49 ± 2.76

1.12 ± 0.56

0.06

1.20 ± 0.50

1.42 ± 2.76

1.13 ± 0.59

0.24

Adropin (pg/mL)

56.78 ± 44.03

56.33 ± 29.07

56.66 ± 45.67

0.99

53.84 ± 35.49

60.79 ± 41.44

55.27 ± 43.00

0.26

61.68 ± 49.84

52.57 ± 26.43

55.53 ± 40.38

0.11

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

122.14 ± 16.13

120.86 ± 15.71

121.97 ± 16.02

0.72

120.46 ± 16.14

122.69 ± 15.53

121.80 ± 16.14

0.42

118.99 ± 15.04

122.60 ± 15.83

123.36 ± 16.64

0.02

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

83.09 ± 10.41

82.20 ± 9.22

82.51 ± 9.77

0.69

82.25 ± 10.32

83.14 ± 9.13

82.40 ± 9.95

0.66

82.11 ± 10.45

82.58 ± 8.89

83.10 ± 10.02

0.64

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

91.63 ± 15.24

89.98 ± 15.90

95.29 ± 23.86

0.03

91.71 ± 17.35

91.77 ± 17.72

93.41 ± 21.28

0.63

92.41 ± 19.84

92.32 ± 18.36

92.18 ± 18.42

0.99

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

153. 61 ± 41.76

152.41 ± 40.88

153.70 ± 39.97

0.95

156.82 ± 43.89

153.19 ± 41.75

149.73 ± 36.33

0.27

149.31 ± 38.45

153.76 ± 40.63

156.64 ± 43.07

0.24

HDL-c (mg/dL)

55.12 ± 9.99

55.79 ± 9.80

55.26 ± 10.21

0.80

54.64 ± 10.90

56.22 ± 9.30

55.30 ± 9.69

0.33

55.88 ± 10.22

56.34 ± 9.72

53.95 ± 9.90

0.06

hs-CRP (> 90th percentile) (mg/L)

2.98 ± 2.25

3.40 ± 3.32

3.17 ± 3.08

0.41

3.20 ± 2.90

3.16 ± 2.98

3.19 ± 2.90

0.99

3.57 ± 3.23

2.73 ± 2.52

3.26 ± 2.92

0.02

HOMA-IR index (> 90th percentile)

1.69 ± 2.78

1.68 ± 2.63

1.52 ± 1.83

0.75

1.58 ± 2.43

1.61 ± 2.49

1.71 ± 2.42

0.89

1.90 ± 3.02

1.36 ± 1.72

1.64 ± 2.40

0.11

  1. y year, kg kilogram, mg milligram, m meter, cm centimeter, BMI body mass index, n number, mmHg millimeter Hg, ng nanogram, pg pictogram, mL milliliter, dL deciliter, NP nutrient pattern, T tertile.
  2. 1Values are Mean ± SD; unless indicated.
  3. 2Obtained from ANOVA and χ2 test for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively.
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