Table 3 The results of the EFA and CFA for the VBN and SUP reduction behavior (n = 565).

Biospheric Values (Cronbach α = 0.811)

 Preventing pollution

 Respecting the earth; living in harmony with other species

 Unity with nature; fitting into nature

 Protecting the environment; preserving nature

Egoistic Values (Cronbach α = 0.918)

 Leading or commanding people (Authority)

 Having material possessions or money (Wealth)

 Having control or dominance over others (Social power)

 Having an impact on people and events (Influential)

Altruistic Values (Cronbach α = 0.977)

 A world at peace; free of war and conflict

 Equality; equal opportunity for all

 Helpful; working for the welfare of others

 Social justice; correcting injustice, caring for the weak

Environmental Concern (Cronbach α = 0.939)

 The so-called "ecological crisis" facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated

 The earth is like a spaceship with limited room and resources

 The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations

 Mankind is severely abusing the environment

Personal Norms (Cronbach α = 0.883)

 I am morally obligated to protect the environment by using reusable alternatives to SUPs

 Taking action toward environmental protection is in line with my moral principles

 I would feel guilty if I did not do anything to protect the environment by avoiding SUPs

 Our environmental problems cannot be ignored

Actual Behaviors (Cronbach α = 0.985)

 I refuse plastic shopping bags by using reusable alternatives

 I avoid buying bottled water by using personal reusable bottles

 I avoid prepackaged fruits and vegetables by choosing loose produce

 I refuse straws with takeaway coffee cups or drinks

 I choose eco-friendly alternative materials, even if they are expensive