Table 2 The odds ratios (ORs) for severely increased albuminuria (UACR ≥ 300 mg/g) by assessed risk factors using univariate regression analyses.

From: Hepatitis C virus antibody seropositivity is associated with albuminuria but not peripheral artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Potential risk factors

UACR

OR (95% CI)

P

 ≥ 300 mg/g n = 150

 < 300 mg/g n = 1608

n (%)

n (%)

Age ≥ 65 years

99 (66.0)

897 (55.8)

1.539 (1.082, 2.188)

0.016

Male

87 (58.0)

908 (56.5)

1.065 (0.759, 1.494)

0.717

Hypertension

147 (98.0)

1234 (76.7)

14.851 (4.707, 46.851)

< 0.001

CVD history

126 (84.0)

994 (61.8)

3.243 (2.072, 5.076)

 < 0.001

Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years

112 (74.7%)

943 (58.6%)

2.078 (1.420, 3.043)

< 0.001

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

96 (64.0)

876 (54.5)

1.486 (1.049, 2.103)

0.026

Systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg

91 (60.7)

508 (31.6)

3.340 (2.368, 4.711)

< 0.001

Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg

34 (22.7)

129 (8.0)

3.360 (2.203, 5.127)

< 0.001

Fasting glucose ≥ 7.2 mmol/L

83 (55.3)

756 (47.0)

1.396 (0.997, 1.955)

0.052

HbA1c ≥ 7%

93 (62.0)

694 (43.2)

2.149 (1.523, 3.031)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol ≥ 4.14 mmol/L

63 (42.0)

567 (35.3)

1.330 (0.946, 1.868)

0.101

LDL cholesterol ≥ 2.59 mmol/L

41 (27.3)

308 (19.2)

1.588 (1.086, 2.321)

0.017

Low HDL cholesterol*

70 (46.7)

512 (31.8)

1.873 (1.337, 2.625)

< 0.001

Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/L

143 (95.3)

1296 (80.6)

4.918 (2.280, 10.608)

< 0.001

ALT ≥ 20 U/L

68 (45.3)

787 (49.0)

0.863 (0.617, 1.208)

0.390

eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2

93 (62.0)

369 (22.9)

5.478 (3.862, 7.771)

< 0.001

ABI ≤ 0.9

14 (9.3)

54 (3.4)

2.962 (1.604, 5.471)

< 0.001

Use of antiplatelet drugs

48 (32.0)

402 (25.0)

1.412 (0.984, 2.026)

0.061

Use of statins, n (%)

115 (76.7)

1313 (81.7)

0.738 (0.495, 1.100)

0.136

Use of antihypertensive drugs

104 (69.3)

787 (48.9)

2.359 (1.645, 3.382)

< 0.001

Use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs

70 (46.7)

555 (34.5)

1.660 (1.185, 2.325)

0.003

Use of insulin therapy

69 (46.0)

281 (17.5)

4.023 (2.846, 5.685)

< 0.001

Use of oral antihyperglycemic drugs

140 (93.3)

1534 (95.4)

0.675 (0.341, 1.337)

0.260

Insulin secretagogues

54 (36.0)

498 (31.0)

1.254 (0.884, 1.779)

0.205

Metformin

47 (31.3)

616 (38.3)

0.735 (0.513, 1.053)

0.093

DPP4 inhibitors

81 (54.0)

807 (50.2)

1.165 (0.833, 1.630)

0.372

SGLT2 inhibitors

50 (33.3)

503 (31.3)

1.098 (0.770, 1.567)

0.605

Thiazolidinediones

58 (38.7)

561 (34.9)

1.177 (0.834, 1.660)

0.355

α-Glucosidase inhibitors

5 (3.3)

85 (5.3)

0.618 (0.247, 1.547)

0.304

  1. ABI ankle-brachial index, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ARB angiotensin II receptor antagonist, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CI confidence interval, CVD cardiovascular disease, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, OR odds ratio, SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, UACR urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
  2. *HDL cholesterol levels < 40 mg/dl (1.0 mmol/L) in men or < 50 mg/dl (1.3 mmol/L) in women.
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