Table 2 Competencies required to prevent/deal with problematic social media situations, as identified by an expert panel.

From: Problematic situations related to social media use and competencies to prevent them: results of a Delphi study

Competency

Median

Mean

Mode

Std

Agreement % ≥ 5

Agreement % ≥ 6

Agreement % = 7

Z-Score

Knowing whom to contact when exposed to cyberbullying, harassment, or sexual harassment

7

6.73

7

0.55

100

95

77

1.33

Ability to act responsibly and without offending others on social media

7

6.59

7

0.80

95

91

73

1.04

Ability to act empathetically and with respect for others on social media

7

6.59

7

0.80

95

91

73

1.04

Ability to assess the trustworthiness of a previously unknown online friend

7

6.55

7

0.74

95

95

64

0.94

Knowing what kinds of activity are prohibited (identity theft, sexual harassment, dissemination of information, defamation)

7

6.55

7

0.91

91

91

73

0.94

Ability to ask for help from a trusted adult if necessary

7

6.50

7

0.74

100

86

64

0.84

Ability to assess what contents are suitable for publication or sharing

7

6.50

7

0.80

95

91

64

0.84

Ability to protect personal privacy (e.g., passwords and profile privacy settings)

7

6.50

7

0.74

100

86

64

0.84

Ability to manage time spent on social media

7

6.41

7

0.96

95

91

59

0.65

Ability to assess the trustworthiness of published information

7

6.41

7

0.73

100

86

55

0.65

Knowing where to report inappropriate material

7

6.36

7

0.85

95

86

55

0.55

Ability to identify, process, express, and regulate emotions on social media

6

6.32

7

0.78

100

82

50

0.46

Ability to compare information published in different data sources

6

6.14

7

0.83

100

73

41

0.07

Having knowledge and skills on how to apply security practices to protect privacy (one’s own and that of others)

6

5.86

7

1.25

86

59

45

 − 0.51

Knowing one’s own rights (e.g., right to information, privacy, and freedom of expression)

6

6.09

6

0.87

95

77

36

 − 0.03

Ability to explain how social media affect one’s self-image and self-esteem

6

5.95

6

1.13

95

77

32

 − 0.32

Ability to evaluate the credibility of social media posts; knowing that information given on social media is not the whole truth about the publisher's life

6

5.95

6

0.90

95

68

32

 − 0.32

Ability to identify problematic social media situations in one’s daily life

6

5.73

6

1.16

91

68

23

 − 0.81

Ability to assess one's own behavior and that of others on social media

6

5.73

6

0.83

91

68

14

 − 0.81

Ability to explain how social media use can affect one’s health

6

5.55

6

1.10

82

59

18

 − 1.19

Ability to assess the distribution and persistence of one’s own publications (digital footprint)

6

5.77

5

0.97

91

59

27

 − 0.71

Knowing matters related to the privacy, publicity, and ownership of apps and sites

5

5.27

6

1.35

77

50

18

 − 1.78

Ability to give examples of possible social media problems

5

5.24

5

0.94

81

29

14

 − 1.85

Ability to explain the means of influencing used by commercial operators on social media (marketing, influencing)

5

5.23

5

0.97

77

32

14

 − 1.87

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