Table 2 Dietary intake of the study participants across tertiles of intake of red and processed meat (n = 635).

From: Consumption of red and processed meat during early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective birth cohort study

Variable1

Tertile 1 (n = 208)

Tertile 2 (n = 221)

Tertile 3 (n = 206)

P-value2

Comparison group3

Post hoc (P)

Energy (kcal/d)

1829.34 ± 806.35

1681.61 ± 470.26

1798.35 ± 552.61

0.022

1 VS 2

0.001

     

1 VS 3

 < 0.001

     

2 VS 3

0.076

Nutrients

 Carbohydrate (g/d)

245.98 ± 108.95

218.73 ± 61.32

235.22 ± 77.33

0.055

  

 Total fat (g/d)

67.52 ± 27.04

64.71 ± 18.96

70.18 ± 18.82

0.067

  

 Total protein (g/d)

53.42 ± 26.85

51.53 ± 17.72

60.30 ± 22.83

 < 0.001

  
     

1 VS 2

 < 0.001

     

1 VS 3

 < 0.001

     

2 VS 3

 < 0.001

 Saturated fat (g/d)

19.14 ± 7.05

18.98 ± 5.90

20.33 ± 6.17

0.014

  

 PUFA (g/d)

21.15 ± 9.86

20.05 ± 7.38

21.01 ± 6.62

0.967

  

 MUFA (g/d)

15.09 ± 6.07

15.38 ± 4.41

17.18 ± 4.70

 < 0.001

  
     

1 VS 2

 < 0.001

     

1 VS 3

 < 0.001

     

2 VS 3

 < 0.001

 Dietary fiber (g/d)

16.07 ± 7.56

13.94 ± 4.57

15.53 ± 6.61

0.033

  
     

1 VS 2

0.704

     

1 VS 3

0.002

     

2 VS 3

0.024

 Vitamin C (mg/d)

280.56 ± 231.35

231.41 ± 98.27

255.09 ± 137.94

0.084

  

 Magnesium (mg/d)

266.28 ± 126.66

237.77 ± 71.73

260.82 ± 90.48

0.128

  

 Calcium (mg/d)

841.65 ± 489.64

782.35 ± 328.61

804.88 ± 372.84

0.499

  

Food groups

 Whole grains (g/d)

24.20 ± 28.24

23.71 ± 23.08

20.00 ± 20.80

0.115

  

 Dairy (g/d)

371.04 ± 292.83

347.44 ± 213.88

350.00 ± 220.91

0.512

  

 Fruits (g/d)

401.43 ± 268.55

335.44 ± 192.81

402.09 ± 254.52

0.096

  

 Vegetables (g/d)

270.88 ± 152.30

248.14 ± 101.77

255.82 ± 127.99

0.658

  

 Beans and nuts (g/d)

16.15 ± 13.28

17.81 ± 9.39

19.21 ± 11.20

0.004

  
     

1 VS 2

 < 0.001

     

1 VS 3

 < 0.001

     

2 VS 3

0.333

 Sweets (g/d)

259.36 ± 204.35

229.89 ± 143.85

244.71 ± 172.98

0.853

  

 Poultry (g/d)

8.63 ± 10.11

9.35 ± 5.80

11.29 ± 11.53

0.006

  
     

1 VS 2

0.017

     

1 VS 3

 < 0.001

     

2 VS 3

0.191

 Egg (g/d)

18.12 ± 17.30

22.38 ± 16.49

27.25 ± 30.10

 < 0.001

  
     

1 VS 2

0.004

     

1 VS 3

 < 0.001

     

2 VS 3

0.097

  1. BMI body mass index, MUFAs monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids, CVD cardiovascular diseases.
  2. 1Values are mean ± standard deviation.
  3. 2ANCOVA was used to compare means after adjustment for age job status, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of CVD, hypertension, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy hypertension, order of pregnancy, nausea during current pregnancy, multivitamin use during current pregnancy, physical activities, weight gain during current pregnancy and total energy intake.
  4. 3Tertiles versus each one.
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