Table 2 Results of calibration and validation in three periods measured by the three metrics.

From: Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in meteorological and hydrological drought patterns and propagations influenced by climatic variability, LULC change, and human regulations

 

Calibration

Validation

\(Ens\)

R2

PBIAS (%)

\(Ens\)

R2

PBIAS (%)

Baseline

 Tangnaiai

0.76

0.83

3.90

0.83

0.84

5.95

 Lanzhou

0.73

0.85

15.71

0.82

0.88

16.93

 Toudaoguai

0.68

0.80

12.45

0.74

0.78

11.62

 Huaxian

0.60

0.77

− 13.71

0.78

0.85

1.61

 Huanyuankou

0.63

0.79

4.88

0.74

0.80

9.70

1990s

 Tangnaiai

0.68

0.75

18.59

0.80

0.91

21.45

 Lanzhou

0.74

0.84

14.39

0.84

0.89

13.84

 Toudaoguai

0.65

0.74

15.69

0.76

0.77

7.86

 Huaxian

0.62

0.71

20.08

0.66

0.70

2.11

 Huanyuankou

0.59

0.73

12.43

0.67

0.74

3.87

2000s

 Tangnaiai

0.83

0.83

3.20

0.83

0.86

7.53

 Lanzhou

0.78

0.86

8.64

0.76

0.90

8.93

 Toudaoguai

0.70

0.76

13.86

0.65

0.76

13.91

 Huaxian

0.76

0.76

− 8.64

0.69

0.78

− 7.72

 Huanyuankou

0.61

0.72

24.73

0.62

0.71

14.23

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