Table 1 Classification of ML methods employed in ROP prediction.

ANN

Three-layer feed-forward back propagation

Bilgesu¹¹, Mendes¹², Moran¹³, Arabjamaloei¹⁴

Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) networks trained with a back-propagation algorithm (BP)

Esmaeili¹⁵, Ning¹⁶, Zare¹⁷, Anemangely²²

MLP with particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) (MLP, a radial basis function (RBF) ANN, SVM)

Sabah²³

ANN with an improved genetic algorithm (IGA)

Li²⁵

MLP with Firefly algorithm (FF), Gravitational search algorithm (GSA), Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), Independent component analysis (ICA)

Hazbeh²⁸

ANN with 1 hidden layer, 20 neurons, fitnet as a network function, trainbr as a training function, tansig as a transfer function (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), SVM)

Salaheldin²⁹

ANN with extreme learning machine (ELM)

Gan²⁷

combining an attention-based Gated Recurrent Unit network and fully connected neural networks

Zhang³²

multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector regression (SVR))

Brenjkar³³

MLP with Bayesian Regularization Algorithm (BRA) (Radial Basis Function, Decision Tree (DT), Least Square Vector Machine (LSSVM))

Mohsen³⁴

SVM

Support vector regression with the genetic algorithm (GA) and the cuckoo search algorithm (CS)

Bodaghi¹⁸

least-squares support-vector machines (LSSVM) with cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and genetic algorithms (GA) (SVR-COA, MLP-COA, linear multivariate regression (LMR), and nonlinear multivariate regression (NLMR))

Mohammad²⁶

ε-insensitive SVR and V-SVR

Korhan²⁴

RF

RF (Trees, Bagging)

Hegde¹⁹

RF (ANN, SVM, KNN (k-nearest neighbor), decision trees (DT))

Mantha²⁰

RF (SVM, BP, KNN, RBF Network)

Zhang³⁰

RF (SVM, ANN)

Soares⁷, Song³⁵

RF (MLP)

Kaveh³⁸

Hybrid models

Traditional models with RF, ANN, Linear regression

Hegde²¹

Traditional models with RF, ELM, BP, SVM

Ren³¹

DL

long short- term memory (LSTM) neural network, SVR, BP, deep belief neural network (DBN), convolutional neural network (CNN)

Wang³⁶

Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), MLP, CNN

Mohammad³⁷