Table 1 Weed density influenced by planting geometry, cultivar, and non-chemical weed management in rice.

From: Ecological weed management and square planting influenced the weed management, and crop productivity in direct-seeded rice

Treatment

25 DAS

60 DAS

Grasses (No. m−2)

Sedges (No. m−2)

Broad-leaved weed (No. m−2)

Total weed density (No. m−2)

Grasses (No. m−2)

Sedges (No. m−2)

Broad-leaved weed (No. m−2)

Total weed density (No. m−2)

Planting geometry (PG)

 PN

†4.72 b

(24.42)*

4.62 b*

(23.41)

4.33 b

(20.13)

8.20 b

(74.51)

6.63 a

(44.3)

6.50 a

(42.8)

6.96 a

(48.8)

12.15 a

(150.0)

 PS

5.25 a

(29.83)

5.21 a

(29.68)

5.14 a

(28.37)

9.36 a

(95.97)

5.77 b

(33.7)

5.56 b

(31.4)

6.33 b

(40.0)

10.67 b

(116.0)

 P value

0.0027**

0.0389

0.0008

0.0030

0.0140

0.0058

0.0130

0.0045

Cultivar (CV)

 Arize 6444

4.73 b

(24.61)

4.66 b

(23.87)

4.47 b

(21.68)

8.33 b

(77.28)

5.99 b

(36.6)

5.72 b

(33.5)

6.46 b

(41.9)

10.98 b

(123.3)

 PHB71

5.24 a

(29.64)

5.18 a

(29.22)

5.00 a

(26.82)

9.22 a

(93.20)

6.41 a

(41.6)

6.33 a

(40.7)

6.83 a

(46.9)

11.84 a

(142.8)

 P value

0.0064

0.0006

0.0003

0.0002

0.0054

0.0003

0.0007

0.0005

Weed management (WM)

 WC

6.78 a

(45.71)

6.57 a

(42.87)

6.17 a

(37.91)

11.75 a

(138.19)

7.71 a

(59.3)

7.62 a

(58.1)

7.68 a

(58.8)

13.90 a

(193.9)

 HH + WH

6.10 b

(36.98)

6.21 b

(38.37)

5.80 b

(33.43)

10.91 b

(119.31)

5.24 e

(27.2)

4.93 e

(24.1)

5.63 e

(31.3)

9.47 e

(89.9)

 HH + SC

2.16 e

(4.29)

1.985 e

(3.51)

2.13 e

(4.15)

3.70 e

(13.55)

5.54 d

(30.5)

5.32 d

(28.1)

6.05d

(36. 2)

10.20 d

(104.5)

 HH + MR4

5.47 c

(29.51)

5.24 c

(27.19)

5.01 c

(24.96)

9.41 c

(88.61)

6.57 b

(42.85)

6.58 b

(43.07)

7.27 b

(52.73)

12.37 b

(153.2)

 HH + MR6

4.41 d

(19.13)

4.58 d

(20.79)

4.56 d

(20.80)

8.12 d

(66.54)

5.95 c

(35.1)

5.69 c

(32.3)

6.59 c

(43.0)

11.10 c

(123.6)

 P value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

P value (Interaction)

 PG × CV

0.9380

0.1439

0.5019

0.2864

0.6253

0.9096

0.4450

0.6201

 PG × WM

0.4036

0.0012

 < 0.0001

0.0001

0.2860

0.6529

 < 0.0001

0.0651

 Cv × WM

0.4134

0.7172

0.0531

0.0947

0.9310

0.7270

0.2309

0.3681

 PG × CV × WM

0.8470

0.5483

0.0282

0.2282

0.9418

0.4785

0.0937

0.5315

 Year

0.9624

0.6621

0.3227

0.5873

0.8745

0.6101

0.2172

0.6411

  1. *The data in the parentheses are original data; means with different alphabets are significant (p < 0.05).
  2. †Values shown are square-root [√(x + 0.5)] transformed means. DAS, days after sowing. PN, sowing with seed drill at 18.5 cm row spacing; PS, square planting at 25 cm × 25 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing; WC, weedy check (no weed management); HH + WH, one hand hoeing at 12 DAS fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS; HH + SC, one hand hoeing at 12 DAS fb S. aculeata co-culture and mulched 45 DAS; HH + MR4, one hand hoeing at 12 DAS fb rice residue mulching @ 4 t ha−1; HH + MR6, one hand hoeing at 12 DAS fb rice residue mulching @ 6 t ha−1.
  3. **Bold P values are significant.
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