Table 7 Estimated ecosystem functions (ESVf in million $USD) by service category.

From: Changes in total and per-capital ecosystem service value in response to land-use land-cover dynamics in north-central Ethiopia

Services functions

Using global coefficients

Using local coefficients

1973

1986

2001

2016

2024

Change

1973

1986

2001

2016

2024

Change

Cultural service

5.33

3.96

2.97

3.39

3.20

− 2.13

0.35

0.27

0.2

0.23

0.24

− 0.11

 Cultural

0.09

0.07

0.05

0.06

0.05

− 0.04

0.09

0.07

0.05

0.06

0.05

− 0.04

 Recreation

5.24

3.89

2.92

3.33

3.15

− 2.09

0.26

0.2

0.15

0.17

0.19

− 0.07

Provisioning service

21.73

17.53

14.53

15.8

15.43

− 6.3

15.03

15.58

16.57

16.37

17.10

2.07

 Food production

4.18

4.42

4.56

4.42

3.97

− 0.21

9.52

11.35

12.88

12.54

12.54

3.02

 Genetic resources

1.87

1.38

1.03

1.18

1.07

− 0.80

1.87

1.38

1.03

1.18

1.07

− 0.80

 Raw material

14.38

10.61

7.9

9.05

8.23

− 6.15

2.34

1.73

1.28

1.47

1.34

− 1.00

 Water supply

1.3

1.12

1.04

1.18

2.16

0.85

1.3

1.12

1.38

1.18

2.16

0.85

Regulating service

30.98

24.34

19.25

21.1

82.50

51.52

33.9

26.35

20.4

22.77

23.68

− 10.22

 Biological control

1.12

1.4

1.61

1.52

0.07

− 1.05

1.12

1.4

1.61

1.52

1.45

0.33

 Climate regulation

10.18

7.51

5.59

6.41

5.83

− 4.35

10.18

7.51

5.56

6.41

5.83

− 4.35

 Disturbance regulation

0.23

0.17

0.13

0.14

0.13

− 0.10

0.23

0.17

0.13

0.14

0.13

− 0.10

 Erosion control

11.53

8.58

6.38

7.17

6.49

− 5.03

11.53

8.58

6.08

7.17

6.49

− 5.03

 Gas regulation

0.08

0.08

0.06

0.03

0.02

− 0.06

0.71

0.54

0.4

0.42

0.38

− 0.33

 Water regulation

2.72

2.42

2.33

2.64

5.17

2.46

2.72

2.42

2.33

2.64

5.17

2.46

 Water treatment

5.12

4.18

3.15

3.19

64.78

63.13

7.41

5.73

4.29

4.47

4.22

− 3.19

Supporting service

43.36

32.18

24.28

27.6

25.25

− 18.11

10.8

8.33

6.52

7.24

6.61

− 4.19

 Habitat/refugia

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.79

0.58

0.43

0.5

0.45

− 0.34

 Nutrient cycling

42.1

30.88

23.76

26.4

24.10

− 18.00

8.42

6.21

4.62

5.3

4.82

− 3.60

 Pollination

0.79

0.95

0.26

0.94

0.88

0.09

1.12

1.19

1.21

1.15

1.07

− 0.05

 Soil formation

0.47

0.35

0.26

0.29

0.26

− 0.20

0.47

0.35

0.26

0.29

0.26

− 0.20

Total

101.4

78.01

61.03

67.9

126.37

53.43

60.08

50.53

43.69

46.61

47.63

− 24.89

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