Table 1 Surface treatment steps for each device.

From: Surface modification and coherence in lithium niobate SAW resonators

Device

Treatment steps

CLN

None (Control) + metalization

Annealed

500 \(^{\circ }\)C anneal, 8h + metalization

BOE

500 \(^{\circ }\)C anneal, 8h + 2 min BOE dip + metalization

MgO

5% MgO co-doped substrate + metalization

Piranha

2 \(\times\) (10 min Piranha + 30 s BOE) + metalization

GCIB

Metalization + 3 min 10kV GCIB