Table 1 Basic characteristics, epidemiological and disease-related information of T1DM patients.
Characteristics of patients | Total | Group 1 | Group 2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c < 7.5% | HbA1c ≥ 7.5% | |||
N = 50 (24.51%) | N = 154 (75.49%) | |||
Age at diagnosis, year (mean ± SD) | 6.93 ± 3.9 | 6.17 ± 3.9 | 7.18 ± 3.9 | 0.1 |
Age subcategories, years (%) | 0.15 | |||
1 ≤ age < 4.99 | 64 (31.6) | 18 (36.7) | 46(30) | |
5–9.99 | 70 (34.6) | 20 (40.8) | 50(32.6) | |
10–14.99 | 44 (21.7) | 5 (10.2) | 39(25.4) | |
15–17.99 | 24 (11.8) | 6 (12.2) | 18(11.7) | |
Gender (%) | 0.75 | |||
Female | 113 (55.9) | 27 (54) | 86(56.5) | |
Male | 89 (44) | 23 (46) | 66(43.4) | |
Duration of diabetes, years (%) | 0.04 | |||
1 | 41 (20) | 16(32) | 25(16.2) | |
1 < duration ≤ 5 | 82 (40.1) | 15(30) | 67(43.5) | |
> 5 | 81 (39.7) | 19(38) | 62(40.2) | |
Birth weight (g, mean ± SD) | 3249.3 ± 507 | 3205.3 ± 621 | 3263.5 ± 466 | 0.49 |
Body mass index(BMI, %) | 0.08 | |||
BMI < 5th | 30 (17.1) | 8(18.6) | 22(16.6) | |
5th ≤ BMI < 85th | 110 (62.8) | 29(67.4) | 81(61.3) | |
85th ≤ BMI < 95th | 18 (10.2) | 6(13.9) | 12(9) | |
BMI ≥ 95th | 17 (9.7) | 0 | 17(12.8) | |
Season (%) | 0.34 | |||
Autumn | 52 (28.1) | 16 (34.7) | 36 (25.9) | |
Winter | 54 (29.1) | 14 (30.4) | 40 (28.7) | |
Spring | 41 (22.1) | 6 (13) | 35 (25.1) | |
Summer | 38 (20.5) | 10 (21.7) | 28 (20.1) | |
Order of birth (%) | 0.46 | |||
First | 114 (56.1) | 26(53) | 88 (57.1) | |
Second | 76 (37.4) | 19(38.7) | 57 (37) | |
Third | 9 (4.4) | 3(6.1) | 6 (3.9) | |
Fourth | 2 (0.98) | 0 | 2 (1.3) | |
Fifth | 1 (0.49) | 1(2) | 0 | |
Sixth | 1 (0.49) | 0 | 1 (0.65) | |
Blood group (%) | 0.83 | |||
O positive | 66 (35.8) | 16 (36.3) | 50 (35.7) | |
O negative | 11 (5.9) | 3 (6.8) | 8 (5.7) | |
A positive | 44 (23.9) | 10 (22.7) | 34 (24.2) | |
A negative | 5 (2.7) | 2 (4.5) | 3 (2.1) | |
B positive | 40 (21.7) | 9 (20.4) | 31 (22.1) | |
B negative | 5 (2.7) | 0 | 5 (3.5) | |
AB positive | 13 (7) | 4(9) | 9 (6.4) | |
Location (%) | 0.19 | |||
City | 57 (55.3) | 42 (84) | 15 (75.1) | |
Village | 46 (44.6) | 8 (16) | 38 (24.8) | |
Parental ratio (%) | 0.25 | |||
Consanguineous | 40 (19.6) | 7 (14) | 33 (21.4) | |
Non-consanguineous | 164 (80.3) | 43 (86) | 121 (78.5) | |
Type of delivery (%) | 0.66 | |||
Natural vaginal delivery | 66 (0.32) | 15 (30) | 51 (33.3) | |
Cesarean | 137 (0.67) | 35 (70) | 102 (66.6) | |
Type of birth (%) | 0.049 | |||
Term | 185 (93.4) | 41(87.2) | 144 (95.3) | |
Pre-term | 13 (6.5) | 6 (12.7) | 7 (4.6) | |
Duration of breastfeeding, months (%) | 0.17 | |||
< 6 | 27 (13.7) | 10 (21.2) | 17 (11.3) | |
6–12 | 6(2.7) | 2 (4.2) | 4 (2.6) | |
12–18 | 13 (6.6) | 1 (2.1) | 12 (8) | |
18–24 | 151 (77) | 34 (72.3) | 117 (78) | |
Age of supplementary feeding, months (%) | 0.19 | |||
< 6 | 8 (4) | 0 | 8(5.3) | |
6 | 186 (94.8) | 46 (97.8) | 140 (93.9) | |
> 6 | 2(1.2) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (0.67) | |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 0.92 | |||
Positive | 76 (37.4) | 19 (38) | 57 (37.2) | |
Negative | 127 (62.5) | 31 (62) | 96 (62.7) | |
Family history of dyslipidemia (%) | 0.35 | |||
Positive | 63 (31.3) | 18 (36.7) | 45 (29.6) | |
Negative | 138 (67.9) | 31 (63.2) | 107 (70.3) | |
Family history of autoimmune disease (%) | 0.22 | |||
Hypothyroidism | 39 (19.2) | 6 (12) | 33 (21.5) | |
Graves | 5 (2.4) | 2 (4) | 3 (1.9) | |
Multiple sclerosis | 1 (0.49) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
Rheumatism | 4 (1.97) | 1 (2) | 3 (1.9) | |
Negative | 154 (75.8) | 40 (80) | 114 (74.5) | |
Past medical history (%) | 0.07 | |||
Celiac | 6 (2.9) | 3(6) | 3(1.97) | |
Hashimoto | 27 (13.3) | 3(6) | 24(15.7) | |
Celiac & Hashimoto | 4 (1.9) | 2(4) | 2(1.3) | |
Down syndrome & Hashimoto | 1 (0.49) | 1(2) | 0 | |
Hypothyroidism | 2 (0.99) | 1(2) | 1(0.66) | |
Allergy | 2 (0.99) | 1(2) | 1(0.66) | |
Favism | 3 (1.4) | 2(4) | 1(0.66) | |
Dyslipidemia | 6 (2.9) | 2(4) | 4(2.63) | |
Favism & dyslipidemia | 1 (0.49) | 1(2) | 0 | |
Asthma | 1 (0.49) | 1(2) | 0 | |
Hashimoto & dyslipidemia | 3 (1.4) | 1(2) | 2(1.32) | |
Lymphoma | 1 (0.49) | 1(2) | 0 | |
Down syndrome & celiac & hypothyroidism | 1 (0.49) | 0 | 1(0.66) | |
Dystrophy | 1 (0.49) | 0 | 1(0.66) | |
Seizure & asthma | 1 (0.49) | 0 | 1(0.66) | |
Graves | 1 (0.49) | 0 | 1(0.66) | |
Negative | 141 (69.8) | 31(62) | 110(72.3) | |
DKA at diagnosis | 0.87 | |||
Positive | 75 (36) | 18 (36) | 57 (37.2) | |
Negative | 128 (63) | 32 (64) | 96 (62.7) | |
C-peptide (ng/ml) | 0.47 ± 0.5 | 0.52 ± 0.38 | 0.46 ± 0.54 | 0.11 |
Anti-TPO | 0.25 | |||
Positive | 35 (17.3) | 6 (12) | 29 (19) | |
Negative | 167 (82.6) | 44 (88) | 123 (80.9) | |
Anti-TTG | 0.10 | |||
Positive | 11 (5.4) | 5(10) | 6(3.9) | |
Negative | 192 (94.5) | 45(90) | 147(96) | |
Pancreas auto-antibody profile | 0.69 | |||
Positive | 143 (76) | 34(73.9) | 109(76.7) | |
Negative | 45 (23.9) | 12(26) | 33(23.2) | |
Anti-GAD | 0.39 | |||
Positive | 104 (58.1) | 22(52.3) | 82(59.8) | |
Negative | 75 (41.8) | 20(47.6) | 55(40.1) | |
Anti-ICA | 0.87 | |||
Positive | 115 (61.8) | 28(60.8) | 87(62.1) | |
Negative | 71 (38.1) | 18(39.1) | 53(37.7) | |
Anti-IAA | 0.82 | |||
Positive | 47 (25.4) | 12(26.6) | 35(25) | |
Negative | 138 (74.5) | 33(73.3) | 105(75) | |
Anti-IA2 | 0.91 | |||
Positive | 85 (45.9) | 21(46.6) | 64(45.7) | |
Negative | 100 (54) | 24(53.3) | 76(54.2) | |
Mean TC (mg/dl) | 164.2 ± 28.1 | 157.8 ± 31.2 | 166.3 ± 26.7 | 0.10 |
Mean LDL (mg/dl) | 87 ± 21.9 | 82 ± 21.4 | 88.6 ± 21.8 | 0.059 |
Mean HDL (mg/dl) | 51.4 ± 10 | 50.2 ± 10.3 | 51.7 ± 9.9 | 0.30 |
Mean TG (mg/dl) | 94.3 ± 44.9 | 84.1 ± 26.6 | 97.7 ± 49 | 0.04 |
Treatment regimens (%) | 0.8 | |||
NPH & regular | 139 (68.8) | 35(70) | 104(68.4) | |
Lantus & novorapid | 47 (23.2) | 12(24) | 35(23) | |
Lantus & apidra | 7 (3.4) | 2(4) | 5(3.2) | |
Levemir & apidra | 9 (4.4) | 1(2) | 8(5.2) | |
