Table 3 Association of allergic disease persistence with ASQ-3 developmental milestones.

From: Early childhood neurodevelopmental milestones in children with allergic diseases: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

Disease persistencea

Child, No. (%)

ASQ-3 domains, AOR (95% CI)

Communication skills

Gross motor skills

Fine motor skills

Problem-solving skills

Personal-social skills

Atopic dermatitisb

 None

78,791 (89.5)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Intermittent

7921 (9.0)

1.00 (0.88–1.15)

0.94 (0.86–1.02)

1.02 (0.94–1.11)

1.04 (0.96–1.12)

0.94 (0.83–1.07)

 Persistent

1274 (1.5)

1.24 (0.93–1.67)

1.04 (0.86–1.24)

1.07 (0.88–1.29)

1.04 (0.87–1.24)

1.14 (0.87–1.50)

Asthmab

 None

78,935 (89.7)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Intermittent

8456 (9.6)

0.85 (0.75–0.96)c

0.99 (0.92–1.07)

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

0.90 (0.81–1.01)

 Persistent

595 (0.7)

0.94 (0.61–1.41)

1.21 (0.93–1.58)

1.02 (0.81–1.29)

0.83 (0.65–1.05)

1.08 (0.75–1.53)

Food allergyb

 None

76,149 (86.5)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Intermittent

11,149 (12.7)

0.99 (0.88–1.12)

1.16 (1.06–1.27)d

1.04 (0.96–1.12)

1.05 (0.98–1.13)

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

 Persistent

688 (0.8)

1.19 (0.81–1.74)

1.07 (0.83–1.38)

1.16 (0.92–1.47)

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

1.06 (0.73–1.53)

  1. AOR was derived via generalized estimating equations models (adjusted for maternal age at delivery, marital status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational diabetes, infertility treatment, psychological distress, iron and folic acid supplementation, pre-pregnancy history of AD, asthma, FA, alcohol consumption, maternal and paternal formal education, smoking during pregnancy, household income, mode of delivery, child's sex, gestational age, birth weight, breastfeeding, formula feeding, and child’s nursery attendance).
  2. AD, Atopic dermatitis; FA, food allergy; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ASQ-3, Ages and Stages Questionnaires, third edition.
  3. aPersistence of allergies were based on the caregiver’s responses at child’s age 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 years. (None, no specific allergy at any survey points; Intermittent, specific allergy at either 1, 2 or 3 survey points; and Persistent, specific allergy at all survey points).
  4. bAdditionally adjusted for other allergic diseases.
  5. cp < 0.01.
  6. dp < 0.001.
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