Figure 1
From: European soybean to benefit people and the environment
European soy production, imports, cultivated area and yield gaps. (A) Soybean seed production and import of soybean seed equivalents in millions of tons (Mt) for 2020 in 39 countries (EU-27 + UK plus 12 neighbouring European countries). Vertical and horizontal red dashed lines indicate mean imports and production. Countries above these averages are labelled. (B) Change in soy cultivated area (1992–2020) of 12 European countries that cultivate > 20,000 hectares since 2017. Numbers in parenthesis on the legend indicate the slope in thousand hectares per year for the period 2010–2020 (all linear models p < 0.05) (C) Change in soybean yield from 1992 to 2020 (grey dots). Red lines show the linear trend with the increase in yield as percentage per year (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Blue lines indicate simulated water-limited yield (mean of 20-year weather) and percent yield gap calculated as: (water-limited yield − observed yield in 2020)/water-limited yield. Green dashed lines indicate irrigated potential yield. All data except simulations are from FAOSTAT.
