Table 4 Inter-group differences in variable characteristics of the pole and joint angles and correlations with skiing economy during double poling at 16 km·h⁻¹.

Parameter	Skiers		Skiing economy Spearman’s r (95% CI)
Parameter	Experienced (n = 5)	Novice (n = 5)	Skiing economy Spearman’s r (95% CI)
Recovery phase
T_H-EXT (s)	0.84 ± 0.11**	0.55 ± 0.11	− 0.933** (− 1.000 to − 0.556)
HA_MAX-RP (°)	180.76 ± 3.80**	165.39 ± 5.58	− 0.976** (− 1.000 to − 0.809)
T_K-EXT (s)	0.85 ± 0.18	0.61 ± 0.17	− 0.709* (− 1.000 to − 0.072)
KA_MAX-RP (°)	171.93 ± 3.03*	164.80 ± 3.81	− 0.782* (− 1.000 to − 0.259)
Poling phase
α (°)	85.72 ± 2.08*	77.1 ± 2.97	− 0.939 (− 1.000 to − 0.644)
HA_IN-PP (°)	145.63 ± 9.54**	123.82 ± 10.01	− 0.806** (− 1.000 to − 0.427)
ROM_E-FLEX (°)	20.61 ± 2.96*	11.76 ± 2.69	− 0.685* (− 0.979 to − 0.176)
T_E-FLEX (s)	0.15 ± 0.01*	0.10 ± 0.01	− 0.688* (− 0.981 to − 0.021)
AV_E-FLEX [(°)·s⁻¹]	131.71 ± 13.31*	108.28 ± 17.17	− 0.661* (− 0.987 to 0.154)
AV_E-EXT [(°)·s⁻¹]	325.34 ± 26.75*	280.51 ± 12.07	− 0.176 (− 0.831 to 0.615)
Double poling cycle
AV_H-EXT [(°)·s⁻¹]	102.73 ± 10.57*	155.76 ± 29.23	0.903** (0.591 to 0.993)
AV_K-EXT [(°)·s⁻¹]	35.75 ± 7.61*	40.50 ± 14.28	0.556 (− 0.712 to 0.669)

All outcomes are reported as means (standard deviation [SDs]). r, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, with 95% confidence intervals across 100 Bootstrap samples are presented.
T_H/K-EXT time for hip /knee extension during recovery phase, HA/KA_MAX-RP hip/knee angle maximum in the recovery phase, HA_IN-PP hip angle at pole plant, α° pole inclination relative to the ground surface, ROM_E-FLEX elbow flexion range of motion in the poling phase, T_E/H-FLEX time for elbow/hip flexion in poling phase, AV_E-FLEX/EXT angular velocity of average elbow flexion/extension in the poling phase, AV_H/K-EXT angular velocity of hip/knee extension during double poling cycle.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. A p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance, while a p-value < 0.01 represents strong statistical significance.

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