Table 2 Candidate variants: Genomic coordinates are given relative to GRCh37/hg19 build. gnomAD minor allele frequency (MAF) v2.1.1 is provided, with number of homozygotes or hemizygotes for X-linked (XL) genes given in parentheses. * indicates the variant is located within an HBD block (in a multiplex family). ClinVar reports were identified from other studies or diagnostic clinics for TTC19 (recorded as pathogenic and likely pathogenic), GML (benign), and POLR3G (variant of uncertain significance) (accessed 19 Jan 2024).

From: Biallelic variants identified in 36 Pakistani families and trios with autism spectrum disorder

Family ID

Sex

Chromosome

Gene

mRNA variant

Protein variant

Mutation type

Mutation effect

gnomAD MAF all

gnomAD MAF S. Asian

PKASD-14

M

3:36905962T > C*

TRANK1

NM_001329998.2:c.1088A > G

p.Asn363Ser

Homo

Missense

2.99E−05 (0)

2.00E−04 (0)

3:36931409T > C*

TRANK1

NM_001329998.2:c.818A > G

p.Glu273Gly

Homo

Missense

7.62E−04 (0)

4.84E−04 (0)

PKASD-18

M

X:18646620A > G

CDKL5

NM_003159.3:c.2626A > G

p.Ile876Val

XL

Missense

0

0

PKASD-19

M

X:48762117C > G

SLC35A2

NM_001042498.3:c.1069G > C

p.Gly357Arg

XL

Missense

1.1E−05 (1)

5.304E−05 (1)

PKASD-26

M

17:15909789C > T

TTC19a

NM_017775.4:c.583C > T

p.Gln195*

Homo

Stop gain

3.18E−05 (0)

3.266E−05 (0)

6:87971373G > A*

ZNF292

NM_015021.3:c.8026G > A

p.Asp2676Asn

Homo

Missense

3.891E−04 (0)

3.486E−03 (0)

8:117767987G > C*

EIF3H

NM_003756.3:c.50C > G

p.Ser17Cys

Homo

Missense

7.562E−05 (0)

6.206E−04 (0)

8:143921881A > G*

GMLb

NM_002066.3:c.28A > G

p.Met10Val

Homo

Missense

4.95E−05 (0)

1.96E−04 (0)

PKASD-32

M

15:56207541C > T

NEDD4

NM_001284338.2:c.1489G > A

p.Asp497Asn

De novo

Missense

0

0

PKASD-37

M

3:129147293C > G

EFCAB12

NM_207307.3:c.39G > C

p.Leu13Phe

Homo

Missense

1.871E−4 (0)

1.489E−3 (0)

X:153070213G > A

PDZD4

NM_001303512.2:c.923C > T

p.Pro308Leu

XL

Missense

5.5E−06 (0)

0

11:72410069C > T

ARAP1

NM_001040118.3:c.2522G > A

p.Trp841*

De novo

Stop gain

0

0

PKASD-39

M

1:34082538C > T

CSMD2

NM_001281956.2:c.5984G > A

p.Arg1995Gln

De novo

Missense

0

0

PKASD-47

M

2:27259973G > A

TMEM214

NM_017727.5:c.937G > A

p.Gly313Ser

Homo

Missense

1.21E−04 (0)

8.496E−04 (0)

5:89781487C > A

POLR3Gc

NM_006467.3:c.103C > A

p.Pro35Thr

Homo

Missense

1.429E−04 (0)

2.973E−04 (0)

5:109973924T > C

TMEM232

NM_001039763.4:c.476A > G

p.Tyr159Cys

Homo

Missense

0

0