Table 1 Population characteristics by categories of dietary inflammatory index.

From: Exploring the association between dietary Inflammatory Index and chronic pain in US adults using NHANES 1999–2004

Variables

Total

Dietary inflammatory index

p

Q1

(− 4.98 to − 0.2)

Q2

(− 0.21 to 1.3)

Q3

(1.31–2.49)

Q4

(2.5–4.69)

NO

2671

667

667

665

672

 

Age(year), Mean (SD)

46.03 (15.09)

46.42 (14.90)

46.46 (14.82)

45.98 (15.04)

45.27 (15.57)

0.56

Sex, n (%)

 Male

45.53

64.2

50.31

39.51

27.33

 < 0.01

 Female

54.47

35.8

49.69

60.49

72.67

 

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

 Non-Hispanic white

78.04

81.15

80.42

76.8

73.67

0.04

 Non-Hispanic black

8.55

6.37

6.87

9.92

11.13

 

 Mexican American

4.34

5.23

4.61

3.43

4.03

 

 Others

9.07

7.25

8.09

9.86

11.17

 

Marital status, n (%)

 Married or living with a partner

65.24

67.33

70.89

61.41

61.24

0.05

 Living alone

34.76

32.67

29.11

38.59

38.76

 

Education level, n (%)

 < 9

5.1

3.85

3.93

5.14

7.51

 < 0.01

 9–12

41.76

35.1

41.08

44.29

46.9

 

 > 12

53.14

61.05

54.99

50.57

45.59

 

Poverty income ratio, Mean (SD)

2.87 (1.63)

3.26 (1.55)

3.13 (1.60)

2.65 (1.57)

2.44 (1.64)

 < 0.01

BMI (kg/m2), Mean (SD)

29.08 (6.97)

28.62 (6.9)

29.16 (6.64)

29.63 (7.16)

28.95 (7.13)

0.28

Physical activity, n (%)

 Sedentary

37.82

29.67

37.36

38.36

46.18

 < 0.01

 Moderate

30.07

32.42

30.29

28.72

28.71

 

 Vigorous

32.12

37.91

32.35

32.93

25.11

 

Smoking status, n (%)

 Never

43.13

45.44

44.85

40.4

41.69

 < 0.01

 Former

26.73

35.05

25.28

24.99

21.21

 

 Current

30.14

19.51

29.86

34.61

37.1

 

Hypertension, n (%)

27.67

28.11

26.06

27.8

28.64

0.85

Diabetes, n (%)

8.49

7.92

7.39

8.78

9.86

0.55

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

5.2

4.88

5.94

4.26

5.72

0.61

Stroke, n (%)

3.36

3.89

2.72

2

4.75

0.06

Dietary supplements taken, n (%)

55.05

63.72

53.9

54.64

47.59

 < 0.01

CRP (mg/dl), Median (IQR)

0.23 (0.09, 0.55)

0.16 (0.08, 0.32)

0.24 (0.12, 0.58)

0.24 (0.1, 0.57)

0.29 (0.11, 0.66)

 < 0.01

Chronic pain, n (%)

58.29

52.61

53.93

61.8

65.03

 < 0.01

  1. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation.
  2. Note: The sample sizes presented in Table 1 are unweighted counts reflecting the actual number of observations. All other results reported in this table are based on weighted data to account for the complex survey design and to ensure representativeness of the study population. The weighting procedure adjusts for potential sampling biases and non-response, allowing for more accurate estimates that are generalizable to the target population.
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