Figure 1

Experimental setup of the buckwheat (BK) split-root system. Germinated BK seeds on filter paper wetted with half strength Hoagland solution in Petri dish on day three, just before cutting the roots (a), 7-day old BK seedlings, just before the transfer to split-root systems (b), BK roots split into two equal parts to be able to transfer them into split-root system (c) representation of each growth condition (d): BK-0: BK split-root without any neighbour, half of the root system is in compartment A (BK-0/A) and the other half is in compartment B (BK-0/B). BK-BK: BK split-root with a homospecific BK neighbour, half of the root system is in compartment A without root contact to the BK neighbour (BK-BK/A), and the other half is in compartment B with root contact to the BK neighbour (BK-BK/B). BK-P: BK split-root with a heterospecific redroot pigweed (P) neighbour, half of the root system is in compartment A without root contact to the P neighbour (BK-P/A) and the other half is in compartment B with root contact to the P neighbour (BK-P/B). BK and P: non split BK and P. Blank: cartridge filled with glass beads and no plants (d), BK split-root systems on 14th day after the transfer (e).