Table 1 Regression Analyses of the distance perceived in each lighting condition in the two environments showing estimates, standard errors (SE) and 95% confidence limits (CLs), using Eq. (3). Accurate performance would have an intercept of zero and a slope of one. The p value indicates whether the row is significantly different from the values of the Ambient condition.

From: Distance mis-estimations can be reduced with specific shadow locations

Condition

 

Intercept estimate

SE

T

Intercept CLs

p

Ambient

Sparse

6.199

3.698

1.676

[− 1.052 13.449]

 

Cluttered

5.822

4.112

1.416

[− 2.241 13.855]

 

Locked in front

Sparse

− 0.485

3.162

− 2.114

[− 6.685 5.715]

0.035

Cluttered

− 0.986

3.387

− 2.010

[− 7.629 5.656]

0.045

Locked on top

Sparse

2.987

3.115

− 1.031

[− 3.121 9.095]

0.303

Cluttered

3.865

3.364

− 0.586

[− 2.732 10.452]

0.561

Locked back

Sparse

10.129

3.132

− 1.031

[3.988 16.270]

0.210

Cluttered

3.120

3.298

− 0.819

[− 3.347 9.587]

0.413

Static in front

Sparse

7.238

3.123

0.333

[1.114 13.362]

0.739

Cluttered

5.536

3.308

− 0.086

[− 0.950 12.022]

0.931

Static back

Sparse

16.005

3.106

3.157

[9.914 22.096]

0.002

Cluttered

9.749

3.271

1.201

[3.3349 16.163]

0.230

  

Slope Estimate

SE

T

Slope CLs

p

Ambient

Sparse

0.891

0.020

44.311

[0.852 0.931]

 

Cluttered

0.885

0.017

52.008

[0.852 0.919]

 

Locked in front

Sparse

0.925

0.0152

2.250

[0.895 0.955]

0.025

Cluttered

0.930

0.016

2.783

[0.898 0.961]

0.007

Locked on top

Sparse

0.952

0.015

4.048

[0.923 0.982]

<0.001

Cluttered

0.943

0.016

3.551

[0.911 0.974]

<0.001

Locked back

Sparse

0.922

0.015

2.044

[0.892 0.951]

0.001

Cluttered

0.959

0.016

4.616

[0.928 0.990]

<0.001

Static in front

Sparse

0.887

0.015

− 0.266

[0.857 0.917]

0.026

Cluttered

0.885

0.016

− 0.045

[0.854 0.916]

0.964

Static back

Sparse

0.888

0.015

− 0.222

[0.858 0.917]

0.824

Cluttered

0.928

0.016

2.704

[0.897 0.959]

0.007

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