Table 1 General characteristics of the study participants.
Parameters | Total (n = 181) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 59) | No (n = 122) | |||
Age, mean (SD), years | 54.67 ± 8.90 | 58.64 ± 8.05 | 52.75 ± 8.68 | < 0.001a |
Weight, mean (SD), kg | 77.35 ± 13.96 | 77.06 ± 13.30 | 77.48 ± 14.32 | |
Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 100.62 ± 9.58 | 102.08 ± 9.42 | 99.92 ± 9.62 | 0.158a |
Hip circumference, mean (SD), cm | 109.56 ± 11.00 | 109. 00 ± 9.20 | 109.82 ± 11.79 | 0.642 |
Triglyceride (TG), mean (SD), mg/dl | 153.87 ± 79.29 | 165.76 ± 83.93 | 148.11 ± 76.63 | |
Total Cholesterol (TC), mean (SD), mg/dl | 182.36 ± 40.58 | 173.08 ± 42.63 | 186.85 ± 38.95 | |
HDL Cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dl | 50.13 ± 11.42 | 49.83 ± 11.46 | 50.27 ± 11.44 | |
LDL Cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dl | 101.46 ± 35.04 | 90.10 ± 32.40 | 106.95 ± 35.07 | |
Total serum lipid, mean (SD), mg/dl | 568.45 ± 140.47 | 559.30 ± 158.50 | 572.90 ± 131.30 | 0.541 |
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 126.25 ± 17.64 | 132.23 ± 18.94 | 123.35 ± 16.28 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 80.90 ± 9.46 | 81.05 ± 8.92 | 80.83 ± 9.74 | |
FBS, mean (SD), mg/dl | 105.85 ± 30.70 | 134.25 ± 38.42 | 92.12 ± 10.53 | |
Sex, No. (%) | 0.828 | |||
Male | 88 (48.60%) | 28 (15.50%) | 60 (33.10%) | |
Female | 93 (51.40%) | 31 (17.10%) | 62 (34.30%) | |
Marital status, No. (%) | 0.222 | |||
Married | 165 (91.10%) | 54 (29.80%) | 111 (61.30%) | |
Single | 7 (3.90%) | 1 (0.60%) | 6 (3.30%) | |
Other | 9 (5.00%) | 4 (2.20%) | 5 (2.80%) | |
Education, No. (%) | 0.211 | |||
Academic | 45 (24.90%) | 13 (7.20%) | 32 (17.70%) | |
High school | 73 (40.30%) | 21 (11.60%) | 52 (28.70%) | |
Guidance school | 33 (18.20%) | 14 (7.70%) | 19 (10.50%) | |
Primary school | 22 (12.20%) | 7 (3.90%) | 15 (8.30%) | |
Illiterate | 8 (4.40%) | 4 (2.20%) | 4 (2.20%) | |
Tobacco Use, No. (%) | 0.926 | |||
Never | 110 (60.80%) | 34 (18.80%) | 76 (42. 00%) | |
Former | 25 (13.80%) | 12 (6.60%) | 13 (7.20%) | |
Second-hand user | 23 (12.70%) | 6 (3.30%) | 17 (9.40%) | |
Current | 23 (12.70%) | 7 (3.90%) | 16 (8.80%) | |
BMI, No. (%) | 0.332 | |||
Under weight (< 18.5) | 3 (1.70%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (1.70%) | |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 37 (20.40%) | 12 (6.60%) | 25 (13.80%) | |
Over weight (25–29.9) | 65 (35.90%) | 19 (10.50%) | 46 (25.40%) | |
Obesity (30–39.9) | 70 (38.70%) | 26 (14.40%) | 44 (24.30%) | |
Severe obesity (≥ 40) | 6 (3.30%) | 2 (1.10%) | 4 (2.20%) | |
Hypertension, No. (%) | 0.007a | |||
Yes | 87 (48.10%) | 37 (20.40%) | 50 (27.60%) | |
No | 94 (51.90%) | 22 (12.20%) | 72 (39.80%) | |
Dyslipidemia, No. (%) | 0.6 | |||
Yes | 121 (66.90%) | 41 (22.70%) | 80 (44.20%) | |
No | 60 (33.10%) | 18 (9.90%) | 42 (23.20%) | |
Vitamin D status, No. (%) | 0.592 | |||
Deficient (< 20 mg/dl) | 70 (38.70%) | 22 (12.20%) | 48 (26.50%) | |
Insufficient (20–30 mg/dl) | 57 (31.50%) | 23 (12.70%) | 34 (18.80%) | |
Sufficient (≥ 30 mg/dl) | 54 (29.80%) | 14 (7.70%) | 40 (22.10%) | |
Physical activity (IPAQ), No. (%) | 0.921 | |||
Low (inactive) | 145 (80.10%) | 46 (25.40%) | 99 (54.70%) | |
Moderate (minimally active) | 30 (16.60%) | 12 (6.60%) | 18 (9.90%) | |
High (HEAP active) | 6 (3.30%) | 1 (0.60%) | 5 (2.80%) | |
Family history of being diabetes, No. (%) | < 0.001a | |||
Yes | 81 (44.80%) | 41 (22.70%) | 40 (22.10%) | |
No | 98 (54.10%) | 17 (9.40%) | 81 (44.80%) | |
Unknown | 2 (1.10%) | 1 (0.60%) | 1 (0.60%) | |
Having the occupational exposure, No. (%) | 8 (4.40%) | 2 (1.10%) | 6 (3.30%) | 0.641 |
