Figure 1

Twelve example frames from designed multimedia. The multimedia is publicly available at https://osf.io/v53np/. (a) Three example frames from lesson 11 and without multimedia learning principle (NP) condition. (b) The equivalent frames of column (a) frames in with multimedia learning principle (P). (c) Three example frames from lesson 6 and NP condition. (d) The equivalent frames of column (c) frames in P condition.