Table 2 Univariable Mendelian randomization estimates of iron status on sarcopenia-related traits.

From: Iron status and sarcopenia-related traits: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study

Exposure	Outcome	IVs	R² (%)	F-statistics	Method	Beta/OR	95% CI	P-value
Ferritin	Appendicular lean mass	33	1.146	86.458	IVW	− 0.051	− 0.072, − 0.031	7.325 × 10^–07
					MR Egger	− 0.066	− 0.106, − 0.027	0.002
					WM	− 0.053	− 0.082, − 0.024	4.132 × 10^–04
	Hand grip strength (left)	45	1.343	74.451	IVW	− 0.010	− 0.026, 0.006	0.214
					MR Egger	0.003	− 0.027, 0.032	0.859
					WM	− 0.004	− 0.027, 0.019	0.707
	Hand grip strength (right)	45	1.343	74.451	IVW	− 0.013	− 0.029, 0.002	0.084
					MR Egger	− 0.001	− 0.029, 0.028	0.962
					WM	− 0.007	− 0.028, 0.015	0.541
	Low hand grip strength	45	1.380	76.520	IVW	0.977	0.899, 1.061	0.575
					MR Egger	0.964	0.824, 1.128	0.651
					WM	0.992	0.885, 1.112	0.892
	Walking pace	45	1.343	74.451	IVW	0.002	− 0.011, 0.016	0.727
					MR Egger	− 0.004	− 0.03, 0.022	0.765
					WM	− 2.668 × 10^–04	− 0.02, 0.02	0.979
Serum iron	Appendicular lean mass	19	0.795	68.963	IVW	0.028	− 0.003, 0.06	0.072
					MR Egger	0.008	− 0.051, 0.068	0.787
					WM	0.044	0.005, 0.084	0.029
	Hand grip strength (left)	24	1.617	111.98	IVW	− 0.015	− 0.03, 0.001	0.061
					MR Egger	− 0.016	− 0.039, 0.008	0.209
					WM	− 0.022	− 0.042, − 0.002	0.028
	Hand grip strength (right)	23	1.596	115.307	IVW	− 0.012	− 0.026, 0.002	0.101
					MR Egger	− 0.023	− 0.044, − 0.001	0.053
					WM	− 0.029	− 0.049, − 0.009	0.004
	Low hand grip strength	23	0.941	67.528	IVW	0.918	0.836, 1.008	0.072
					MR Egger	0.984	0.811, 1.194	0.874
					WM	0.961	0.837, 1.102	0.566
	Walking pace	23	1.596	115.307	IVW	− 0.008	− 0.022, 0.005	0.232
					MR Egger	− 0.002	− 0.022, 0.019	0.883
					WM	− 0.012	− 0.03, 0.006	0.197
TIBC	Appendicular lean mass	16	1.987	171.619	IVW	− 0.020	− 0.037, − 0.002	0.028
					MR Egger	− 0.029	− 0.055, − 0.004	0.038
					WM	− 0.026	− 0.047, − 0.006	0.012
	Hand grip strength (left)	20	2.293	158.877	IVW	− 0.005	− 0.017, 0.007	0.451
					MR Egger	0.009	− 0.009, 0.027	0.339
					WM	− 0.002	− 0.02, 0.015	0.774
	Hand grip strength (right)	22	2.369	149.318	IVW	0.003	− 0.01, 0.015	0.688
					MR Egger	0.013	− 0.006, 0.031	0.189
					WM	0.007	− 0.01, 0.023	0.445
	Low hand grip strength	29	2.585	123.900	IVW	1.013	0.946, 1.085	0.702
					MR Egger	0.970	0.873, 1.078	0.578
					WM	0.983	0.901, 1.073	0.686
	Walking pace	22	2.313	145.718	IVW	0.006	− 0.004, 0.016	0.264
					MR Egger	0.014	− 0.002, 0.029	0.096
					WM	0.006	− 0.008, 0.019	0.409
TSAT	Appendicular lean mass	19	1.823	128.437	IVW	0.022	0.002, 0.043	0.035
					MR Egger	0.017	− 0.015, 0.048	0.316
					WM	0.028	0.006, 0.05	0.011
	Hand grip strength (left)	26	3.229	168.714	IVW	0.006	− 0.005, 0.017	0.305
					MR Egger	0.006	− 0.012, 0.024	0.528
					WM	0.002	− 0.012, 0.015	0.805
	Hand grip strength (right)	26	3.229	168.714	IVW	0.002	− 0.01, 0.013	0.742
					MR Egger	− 0.005	− 0.023, 0.013	0.570
					WM	− 0.006	− 0.02, 0.009	0.421
	Low hand grip strength	26	3.229	168.714	IVW	1.000	0.952, 1.051	0.994
					MR Egger	1.031	0.954, 1.114	0.452
					WM	1.020	0.955, 1.088	0.562
	Walking pace	20	2.094	140.583	IVW	− 0.002	− 0.013, 0.008	0.643
					MR Egger	− 3.133 × 10^–04	− 0.017, 0.016	0.971
					WM	− 0.002	− 0.016, 0.012	0.759

WM weighted median, IVW inverse variance weighted, TIBC total iron binding capacity, TSAT transferrin saturation, IVs numbers of instrumental variable, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.

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Table 2 Univariable Mendelian randomization estimates of iron status on sarcopenia-related traits.

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