Table 4 Causal effects of multiple iron status on sarcopenia-related traits based on IVW MVMR model.

Outcome	Exposure	IVs	Beta/OR	95% CI	P-value
Appendicular lean mass	Ferritin	74	− 0.068	− 0.12, − 0.017	9.658 × 10^–03
	Serum iron	74	− 0.019	− 0.095, 0.057	0.623
	TSAT	74	0.051	− 0.006, 0.108	0.078
Hand grip strength (left)	Ferritin	72	− 0.014	− 0.032, 0.004	0.129
	Serum iron	72	− 0.002	− 0.028, 0.024	0.864
	TSAT	72	0.017	− 0.003, 0.036	0.090
Hand grip strength (right)	Ferritin	72	− 0.014	− 0.032, 0.003	0.108
	Serum iron	72	0.007	− 0.018, 0.033	0.576
	TSAT	72	0.011	− 0.008, 0.03	0.260
Low hand grip strength	Ferritin	74	0.986	0.901, 1.079	0.757
	Serum iron	74	0.972	0.852, 1.109	0.676
	TSAT	74	0.994	0.902, 1.097	0.909
Walking pace	Ferritin	72	− 0.003	− 0.019, 0.013	0.682
	Serum iron	72	− 0.001	− 0.025, 0.022	0.901
	TSAT	72	− 0.004	− 0.021, 0.013	0.651

TSAT transferrin saturation, IVs numbers of instrumental variable, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.

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