Figure 1
The structure of the learning paradigm. All dogs first attended an adaptation session and sleep data were collected for 1.5 h. Subsequently, the controlling and permissive conditions followed in counterbalanced order, each followed by another two-hour-long sleep recording session. Hand signals were only used during the baseline test and the trainings; only verbal commands were given in the test and retest. DT 1: dog trainer 1 and 2, E: experimenter. Illustrations adapted from64. Please note that the commands presented in the figure are illustrative examples, and all four commands were equally counterbalanced between conditions and occasions.
