Figure 2

The behavioral performance during recognition phase. (A) The line graphs depict the recognition score among patients with first-episode schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy controls (HC). All participants, including HC and patients with MDD, BD, and first-episode SZ, displayed both self-referential and mother-referential bias in recognition memory, characterized by a pattern where scores for self- and mother-referenced items were higher than those for other-referenced items (self-recognition = mother-recognition > other-recognition). Additionally, participants with MDD exhibited significantly elevated self-referential recognition scores compared to HC, first-episode SZ, and BD patients. While MDD patients outperformed first-episode SZ and BD patients in recognizing information related to their mothers, no statistically discernible difference was found when comparing MDD patients to HC. (B) The bar graphs depict the group differences of bias score among first-episode SZ, BD, MDD, and HC. Patients with MDD exhibit higher SRE bias scores compared to those with first-episode SZ, BD, and HC. Meanwhile, Patients with MDD exhibit higher MRE bias scores compared to those with first-episode SZ and BD. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. SM: self-mother, MRE: Mother-referential effect, SRE: self-referential effect.