Table 5 Volatile composition of the hydro-distilled (HD) oil of ginger rhizomes as analyzed by GC–MS.

Monoterpene hydrocarbons

   1.

3.999

\(\beta \)-myrcene

0.95

   2.

4.604

d-limonene

1.41

   3.

4.809

Sabinene

7.4

Total monoterpene hydrocarbons

9.76

Oxygenated monoterpenes

   4.

4.87

Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole)

7.03

   5.

11.82

Isopulegol

0.35

   6.

14.12

Linalool

0.81

   7.

17.35

Z-citral

13

   8.

17.9

l-borneol

4.42

   9.

17.98

\(\alpha \)-Terpineol

2.63

   10.

18.82

E-citral (geranial)

7.33

   11.

20.05

\(\beta \)-Citronellol

0.81

   12.

22.04

Geraniol

1.61

Total oxygenated monoterpenes

37.99

Ketones

   13.

7.86

6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one

0.64

   14.

15.38

2-Undecanone

0.45

Total ketones

Monoterpene ester

   15.

14.48

Endobornyl acetate

0.36

Total ketones

0.45

Monoterpene esters

   16.

14.48

Endobornyl acetate

0.36

Total monoterpene esters

0.36

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon

   17.

16.34

\(\gamma \)-Elemene

0.37

   18.

18.24

\(\gamma \)-Muurolene

0.62

   19.

18.38

valencene

0.36

   20.

18.75

\(\beta \)-Sesquiphellandrene

29.38

   21.

18.87

\(\beta \)-Bisabolene

1.33

   22.

19.61

\(\alpha \)-Farnesene

2.27

   23.

19.93

\(\alpha \)-Curcumene

8.12

Total sesquiterpene hydrocarbon

42.45

Oxygenated sesquiterpenes

   24.

25.55

Ledene oxide-(II)

0.32

   25.

26.86

Nerolidol

0.63

   26.

27.45

Elemol

1.42

   27.

28.07

Trans-sesquisabinene hydrate

0.99

   28.

28.3

Cis-sesquisabinene hydrate

1.44

   29.

29.59

Cubebol

0.4

   30.

29.96

Zingiberenol

0.84

   31.

30.76

Eudesmol

0.67

   32.

31.23

Caryophyllene oxide

0.67

   33.

35.87

\(\alpha \)-Copaen-4-ol

0.43

Total oxygenated sesquiterpenes

7.81