Table 2 Cox regression analysis for the association between risk factors and all-cause mortality.

From: Urinary non-albumin protein-creatinine ratio is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study

 

Univariate model

Multivariate model

HR (95%CI)

p value

HR (95%CI)

p value

Groups classified by UACR & UNACR levels

 UACR < 30 mg/g & UNAPCR < 120 mg/g

ref

 

ref

 

 UACR ≥ 30 mg/g & UNAPCR < 120 mg/g

1.142 (0.857–1.522)

0.365

1.189 (0.889–1.589)

0.243

 UACR < 30 mg/g & UNAPCR ≥ 120 mg/g

2.106 (1.395–3.180)

 < 0.001

2.204 (1.448–3.356)

 < 0.001

 UACR ≥ 30 mg/g & UNAPCR ≥ 120 mg/g

2.179 (1.780–2.666)

 < 0.001

1.796 (1.451–2.221)

 < 0.001

Sex (male vs. female)

1.064 (0.912–1.242)

0.431

  

Age (year)

1.062 (1.055–1.070)

 < 0.001

1.058 (1.049–1.066)

 < 0.001

Hypertension (yes vs. no)

2.338 (1.580–3.459)

 < 0.001

0.729 (0.449–1.185)

0.202

CVD (yes vs. no)

2.282 (1.711–3.043)

 < 0.001

1.345 (0.949–1.906)

0.094

Cancer (yes vs. no)

1.811 (1.555–2.109)

 < 0.001

1.428 (1.222–1.670)

 < 0.001

Glomerular disease (yes vs. no)

1.648 (1.372–1.979)

 < 0.001

1.442(1.193–1.742)

 < 0.001

TIN (yes vs. no)

1.091 (0.845–1.408)

0.506

  

BMI ≥ 24 (kg/m2)

0.628 (0.538–0.733)

 < 0.001

0.803 (0.686–0.940)

0.006

SBP ≥ 130 (mmHg)

1.026 (0.881–1.194)

0.740

  

HbA1c (%)

1.069 (1.027–1.112)

0.001

1.088 (1.044–1.133)

 < 0.001

CKD* (yes vs. no)

2.180 (1.829–2.599)

 < 0.001

1.443 (1.195–1.742)

 < 0.001

Low HDL cholesterol**

1.030 (0.886–1.196)

0.703

  

LDL cholesterol ≥ 2.59 (mmol/L)

0.993 (0.854–1.155)

0.925

  

Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 (mmol/L)

0.853 (0.730–0.996)

0.045

0.952 (0.811–1.118)

0.552

GPT (U/L)

0.996 (0.993–1.000)

0.049

1.002 (0.999–1.005)

0.170

Hb (g/L)

0.825 (0.796–0.855)

 < 0.001

0.892 (0.856–0.929)

 < 0.001

Statin use (yes vs. no)

0.765 (0.659–0.887)

 < 0.001

0.806 (0.690–0.942)

0.007

SGLT2 inhibitor use (yes vs. no)

0.691 (0.172–2.770)

0.602

  

GLP–1 RA use (yes vs. no)

0.934 (0.418–2.087)

0.868

  

DPP–4 inhibitor use (yes vs. no)

0.798 (0.685–0.928)

0.003

0.777 (0.666–0.906)

0.001

RAS blockade use (yes vs. no)

1.282 (1.101–1.492)

0.001

1.189 (1.013–1.395)

0.034

Insulin use (yes vs. no)

1.405 (1.200–1.644)

 < 0.001

1.384 (1.169–1.638)

 < 0.001

  1. *CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; **Low HDL cholesterol was defined as < 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in men or < 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in women. Variables with P value < 0.05 in the univariate Cox regression analysis were entered into the multivariate Cox regression analysis.
  2. BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GLP-1 RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, GPT glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Hb hemoglobin, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein , LDL low-density lipoprotein, RAS renin-angiotensin system, SBP systolic blood pressure, SGLT2 sodium–glucose cotransporter 2, TIN Tubulointerstitial nephritis, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, UNAPCR urine non-albumin protein-creatinine ratio.
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