Table 2 VOC biomarkers selected to distinguish between different groups.
From: Detection of COVID-19 by quantitative analysis of carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath
ID | Features name | Alpha (55) vs Negative (70) | Delta (86) vs Negative (110) | All Positive (141) vs Negative (180) | Asymptomatic (31) vs Negative (183) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Formaldehyde | ↓ | |||
2* | Acetaldehyde | ↑ | (P = 0.212) | ↑ | ↑ |
3* | Acetone | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
5* | Butanal | ↑ | (P = 0.156) | ↑ | ↑ |
7 | Pentanal | ↑ | |||
8* | Hexanone | ↑ | ↑ | ||
9* | Hexanal | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | (p = 0.466) |
10* | Heptanal | ↑ | ↑ | ||
11* | Octanal | ↑ | ↓ | (p = 0.078) | ↑ |
12 | Nonanal | ↑ | |||
16* | Acrolein | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
17* | Crotonaldehyde | ↓ | ↓ | ||
18* | 2-Pentenal | ↓ | ↓ | (p = 0.0578) | |
19* | 2-Nonenal | ↓ | ↓ | ||
22* | Malondialdehyde | ↑ | ↓ | ||
23* | Hydroxy-pentenal | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
25* | Hydroxy-heptenal | ↑ | ↑ | ||
27 | 4-HNE | ↓ | |||
28 | Hydroxy-acetaldehyde | ↑ | |||
29 | Hydroxy-acetone | ↑ | |||
30 | Hydroxy-2-butanone | ↑ | |||
31* | Hydroxy-pentanal | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | (0.116) |
32* | Hydroxy-hexanal | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | |
34* | 4-HHE | ↑ | ↑ | ||
35* | Total of formaldehyde + acetaldehyde + acetone (C1 + C2 + C3) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
36* | Other total (excluded C1, C2, C3) | ↑ | ↓ | ||
37* | Formaldehyde/(C1 + C2 + C3) | (p = 0.247) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
40* | Acetone/formaldehyde | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |
41* | Acetone/2-butanone | ↑ | (p = 0.091) | ↑ | ↑ |
42 | 2-Butanone + butanal + 2-pentanone + pentanal (C4 + C5) | ↑ | (p = 0.060) | ||
45* | Butanal/OT | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
50 | Octanal/OT | ↑ | |||
51 | Nonanal/OT | (p = 0.078) | (p = 0.075) | ↑ | |
52* | 2-Pentenal/OT | ↓ | ↓ | ||
54* | Hydroxy-acetaldehyde/ OT | ↑ | ↑ | ||
56 | Hydroxy-2-butanone/OT | ↑ |
