Table 3 Summarized accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV with lower and upper 95% confidence interval for each group.
From: Detection of COVID-19 by quantitative analysis of carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath
% | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | Accuracy | Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha period positive vs negative | 96.4 (87.0–99.7) | 100 (93.8–100) | 100 (91.9–100) | 97.2 (89.9–99.8) | 98.4 (94.0–99.9) | Acetone/2-butanone ratio, 2-pentenal/OT |
Delta period positive vs negative | 93.0 (85.3–97.1) | 84.6 (76.5–90.2) | 82.5 (73.6–88.9) | 93.9 (87.2–97.5) | 88.3 (83.0–92.1) | Hexanal, crotonaldehyde, malondialdehyde, hydroxy-pentenal, hydroxy-pentanal, hydroxy-hexanal, C1 + C2 + C3, other total (excluded C1, C2, C3), formaldehyde/(C1 + C2 + C3), acetone/2-butanone, C4 + C5, butanal/OT |
All positive vs all negative | 90.1 (83.9–94.1) | 98.3 (95.0–99.7) | 97.7 (93.1–99.5) | 92.7 (88.0–95.7) | 94.7 (91.6–96.7) | Acetone, hexanal, C1 + C2 + C3, acetone/2-butanone and butanal/OT |
Alpha positive vs Delta positive | 100 (94.9–100) | 100 (92.2–100) | 100 (94.9–100) | 100 (92.2–100) | 100 (96.8–100) | Butanal, pentanal, malondialdehyde, octanal/OT |
Asymptomatic vs all negative | 71.0 (53.2–84.1) | 99.5 (96.7–100) | 95.7 (77.3–100) | 95.3 (91.2–97.6) | 95.3 (91.5–97.8) | Acetone, hydroxy-hexanal, butanal/OT, acetone/2-butanone |
