Table 1 Demographic and anthropometric characterization, food intake, and serum parameters in the study population before and after the supplementation.

Sample size (M/F)

21 (7/14)

20 (6/14)

Age (years)

56 ± 6

57 ± 5

Anthropometrics

Body weight (kg)

72.24 ± 2.45

72.05 ± 2.38

–

74.07 ± 3.05

74.6 ± 3.11

–

BMI (kg/m²)

27.45 ± 0.74

27.38 ± 0.73

–

27.55 ± 0.65

27.76 ± 0.73

–

Neck (cm)

36.12 ± 0.63

35.54 ± 0.62

0.0174

36.13 ± 0.71

36.22 ± 0.82

–

WC-mid (cm)

91.13 ± 1.70

89.87 ± 1.83

0.0453

92 ± 2.48

89.33 ± 2.47

0.0268

WHR

0.87 ± 0.01

0.86 ± 0.01

–

0.88 ± 0.17

0.85 ± 0.16

0.0062

WHtR

0.56 ± 0.01

0.55 ± 0.01

–

0.56 ± 0.012

0.55 ± 0.013

0.0210

Dietary intake

Energy (kJ)

5931 ± 1741

5679 ± 1403

–

6345 ± 1288

6942 ± 1994

–

Carbohydrates (g)

62.48 ± 5.90

59.66 ± 9.22

–

61.48 ± 5.99

64.37 ± 9.94

–

Fiber (g)

12.77 ± 6.603

12.15 ± 5.357

–

12.83 ± 6.196

11.39 ± 5.188

–

Lipids (g)

13.86 ± 3.62

15.22 ± 3.32

–

15.80 ± 3.23

14.74 ± 4.75

–

Proteins (g)

20.34 ± 5.10

21.91 ± 8.58

–

18.46 ± 1.85

17.94 ± 6.57

–

Glycemia (mg/dL)

70–100 mg/dL

90 ± 1.93

95.95 ± 2.91

0.0141

88.85 ± 2.38

91.28 ± 2.54

–

HbA1c (%)

 < 5.7%

5.29 ± 0.06

5.37 ± 0.06

0.0484

5.32 ± 0.12

5.411 ± 0.11

0.0140

IgA (mg/dL)

50–400 g/L

203.3 ± 18.31

179.1 ± 16.96

0.0009

237 ± 25.24

235.3 ± 25.28

–

C-RP (mg/dL)

0.3–1.0 mg/dL

0.1924 ± 0.02

0.1233 ± 0.02

0.0201

0.1725 ± 0.02

0.1369 ± 0.02

–

ALT (U/L)

4–36 U/L

9.095 ± 1.02

13.76 ± 1.17

0.0023

8.6 ± 3.43

11.22 ± 13.24

0.0164

AST/ALT ratio

 < 1.67

2.337 ± 0.23

1.468 ± 0.07

0.0014

2.513 ± 0.22

1.897 ± 0.18

0.0191

TSH (mUI/L)

0.45–4.5 mUI/L

3.075 ± 0.37

2.212 ± 0.27

0.0009

2.857 ± 0.37

2.284 ± 0.27

–

Cortisol (ug/dL)

6.0–18.4 ug/dL

14.46 ± 0.90

11.66 ± 0.95

0.016

14.21 ± 0.86

12.42 ± 1.27

–

Cortisol/ C-RP ratio

0.3–1.0 mg/dL

0.819 ± 0.08

1.192 ± 0.21

0.0369

1.292 ± 0.25

1.312 ± 0.23

–