Table 2 Misperceptions during the pandemic and determinants of misperceptions.

From: Identity and inequality misperceptions, demographic determinants and efficacy of corrective measures

 

Misperceptions Immigration

Misperceptions Islam

Misperceptions Poverty

Misperceptions Income

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Germany

UK

Germany

UK

Germany

UK

Germany

UK

Pandemic (ref: first wave)

−0.099

−1.089

−0.368

0.150

−1.953*

−1.830

1.596

−3.747

(1.074)

(1.387)

(0.776)

(1.121)

(0.959)

(1.191)

(1.921)

(2.304)

Woman (ref: man)

4.522***

5.244***

5.179***

4.840***

5.220***

5.053***

−9.250***

−6.337**

(1.077)

(1.412)

(0.762)

(1.163)

(0.946)

(1.242)

(1.949)

(2.363)

18–35 y.o. (ref: 36–54 y.o.)

3.864*

2.181

−1.429

−1.807

−0.333

−2.120

5.957*

−5.208

(1.699)

(2.307)

(1.124)

(1.736)

(1.518)

(1.841)

(2.948)

(4.007)

55–70 y.o. (ref: 36–54 y.o.)

−1.146

−5.989***

0.928

−2.449+

−0.471

−2.834*

1.854

7.416**

(1.255)

(1.569)

(0.889)

(1.298)

(1.104)

(1.376)

(2.229)

(2.634)

High educated (ref: low edu)

−4.329***

−4.548**

−2.993***

−3.365**

−4.155***

−3.113*

5.930**

6.063*

(1.196)

(1.495)

(0.827)

(1.214)

(1.005)

(1.253)

(2.129)

(2.490)

Separated/single (ref: married/cohabiting)

−1.948

−1.852

−1.028

0.704

−3.266**

−0.304

1.008

3.361

(1.277)

(1.424)

(0.900)

(1.215)

(1.087)

(1.286)

(2.181)

(2.526)

Middle income (ref: low)

−2.776+

−8.350***

−0.467

−5.953***

−6.608***

−10.076***

0.031

−2.354

(1.611)

(1.712)

(1.211)

(1.493)

(1.543)

(1.637)

(2.899)

(3.041)

High income (ref: low)

−3.730+

−5.935*

−2.740+

−4.979*

−12.507***

−8.973***

11.946**

−6.825+

(2.103)

(2.452)

(1.486)

(1.962)

(1.889)

(2.065)

(3.787)

(4.049)

Unemployed (ref: employed)

0.746

3.978

6.297+

−0.510

4.350

2.992

1.680

8.794

(4.645)

(4.769)

(3.683)

(3.456)

(4.768)

(3.489)

(8.866)

(8.496)

Out of labor force (ref: employed)

−1.671

−0.365

0.330

0.293

−2.964*

0.534

−0.519

8.302**

(1.413)

(1.664)

(1.071)

(1.450)

(1.261)

(1.510)

(2.736)

(2.875)

Left (ref: center)

−3.308*

−6.220***

−2.194*

−6.184***

−3.031**

−3.007+

8.475***

8.875**

(1.295)

(1.808)

(0.867)

(1.212)

(1.102)

(1.573)

(2.318)

(3.284)

Right (ref: center)

3.701*

1.850

5.683***

2.704+

3.812*

−5.955***

1.450

−2.939

(1.588)

(1.853)

(1.269)

(1.529)

(1.559)

(1.353)

(2.864)

(2.753)

Constant

14.373***

21.535***

15.659***

21.027***

14.379***

17.164***

9.051*

13.980***

(2.108)

(2.252)

(1.551)

(1.873)

(1.941)

(2.080)

(3.853)

(3.823)

Observations

1,507

1,034

1,422

957

1,518

1,038

1,157

787

Adj. R-squared

0.036

0.070

0.069

0.068

0.083

0.099

0.064

0.062

  1. All estimates are from linear models estimated by ordinary least squares.
  2. Only respondents in the control group have been included.
  3. Robust standard errors are in parentheses.
  4. +\(p<\).10, *\(p<\).05, **\(p<\).01, ***\(p<\).001 (two-tailed tests).
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