Table 1 Patient characteristics and transition of study indicators at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks from initiation of intervention.
Indicators | 0 week (pre-intervention) | 8 weeks (post-intervention) | p-value | 16 weeks | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 72.0 ± 5.9 | ||||
Sex (female), n (%) | 9 (36.0) | ||||
Duration (years) | 6 (1, 20) | ||||
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 2 (8.0) | ||||
Current smoking, n (%) | 3 (12.0) | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 21.3 ± 2.8 | 0.899 | 21.0 ± 2.5 | 0.782 |
Hoehn–Yahr stage | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 0.788 | 3 (2, 4) | 0.788 |
UPDRS score (total) | 37 (19, 76) | 42 (14, 78) | 0.853 | 44 (15, 80) | 0.554 |
UPDRS score (part 3) | 23 (10, 50) | 25 (10, 51) | 0.930 | 28 (11, 51) | 0.669 |
Levodopa (mg) | 360 ± 203 | 360 ± 203 | 1.000 | 360 ± 203 | 1.000 |
LEDD (mg) | 583 ± 395 | 583 ± 395 | 1.000 | 589 ± 392 | 0.957 |
Maximum handgrip strength (kg) | 24.8 ± 5.6 | 25.5 ± 5.4 | 0.665 | 26.7 ± 6.4 | 0.276 |
Calf circumference (cm) | 33.8 ± 3.3 | 33.8 ± 3.5 | 1.000 | 34.0 ± 3.2 | 0.830 |
FOIS | 7 (6, 7) | 7 (6, 7) | 1.000 | 7 (6, 7) | 1.000 |
EAT-10 < 3, n (%) | 12 (48.0) | 22 (88.0) | 0.002* | 21 (84.0) | 0.007* |
Tongue pressure (kPa) | 30.6 ± 8.5 | 33.6 ± 8.0 | 0.199 | 34.6 ± 8.4 | 0.101 |
Peak expiratory flow (L/min) | 196.9 ± 76.7 | 233.9 ± 93.2 | 0.132 | 226.3 ± 88.6 | 0.216 |
Cough test ≥ 5 times/min, n (%) | 4 (16.0) | 15 (60.0) | 0.001* | 13 (52.0) | 0.007* |
Cough reflex within first 30 s, n (%) | 12 (48.0) | 22 (88.0) | 0.002* | 22 (88.0) | 0.002* |
Penetration or aspiration on VF | 10 (40.0) | 9 (36.0) | 0.771 | 11 (44.0) | 0.775 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 ± 1.2 | 13.0 ± 1.2 | 0.469 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 0.982 |
White blood cell (μL) | 6092 ± 1629 | 5718 ± 1687 | 0.430 | 5592 ± 1313 | 0.238 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.10 ± 0.15 | 0.11 ± 0.32 | 0.784 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | 0.319 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 0.139 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.339 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204.4 ± 31.9 | 200.2 ± 30.5 | 0.637 | 204.6 ± 32.2 | 0.986 |
