Table 3 The extracted results for investigation of implementing DT, MLP, GRU, and LSTM for calculation of sink marks, shrinkage, and warpage based on melt temperature, mould temperature, pressure holding time, and pressure cooling time.

From: Multiple objectives optimization of injection-moulding process for dashboard using soft computing and particle swarm optimization

Index

CC

MSE

RMSE

NRMSE

Train

Test

All

Train

Test

All

Train

Test

All

Train

Test

All

Shrinkage

DT

0.9777

0.9584

0.9741

9.4 × 10−2

1.6 × 10−1

1.1 × 10−1

3.1 × 10−1

4.0 × 10−1

3.3 × 10−1

4.1 × 10−2

5.3 × 10−2

4.4 × 10−2

MLP

0.9657

0.9458

0.9599

6.0 × 10−7

8.9 × 10−7

6.6 × 10−7

7.7 × 10−4

9.5 × 10−4

8.1 × 10−4

3.8 × 10−2

4.6 × 10−2

4.0 × 10−2

GRU

0.6639

0.5519

0.6431

1.45

1.50

1.46

1.21

1.23

1.21

0.16

0.16

0.16

LSTM

0.4997

0.4156

0.4839

1.60

1.62

1.61

1.27

1.27

1.27

0.17

0.17

0.17

Warpage

DT

0.9762

0.9258

0.9638

6.4 × 10−2

2.7 × 10−1

1.0 × 10−1

2.5 × 10−1

5.1 × 10−1

3.2 × 10−1

3.6 × 10−2

7.3 × 10−2

4.6 × 10−2

MLP

0.9895

0.9635

0.9847

4.6 × 10−2

1.2 × 10−1

6.1 × 10−2

2.1 × 10−1

3.5 × 10−1

2.5 × 10−1

3.1 × 10−2

4.9 × 10−2

3.5 × 10−2

GRU

0.8610

0.8441

0.8599

6.5 × 10−1

8.8 × 10−1

7.0 × 10−1

8.1 × 10−1

9.4 × 10−1

8.4 × 10−1

1.2 × 10−1

1.3 × 10−1

1.2 × 10−1

LSTM

0.8001

0.8037

0.8015

7.8 × 10−1

9.1 × 10−1

8.0 × 10−1

8.8 × 10−1

9.5 × 10−1

9.0 × 10−1

1.3 × 10−1

1.3 × 10−1

1.3 × 10−1

Sink Mark

DT

0.9979

0.9873

0.9958

2.1 × 10−8

6.3 × 10−8

3.0 × 10−8

1.5 × 10−4

2.5 × 10−4

1.7 × 10−4

7.2 × 10−3

1.2 × 10−2

8.5 × 10−3

MLP

0.9657

0.9458

0.9599

6.0 × 10−7

8.9 × 10−7

6.6 × 10−7

7.7 × 10−4

9.5 × 10−4

8.1 × 10−4

3.8 × 10−2

4.6 × 10−2

4.0 × 10−2

GRU

0.9573

0.9705

0.9616

6.6 × 10−7

5.1 × 10−7

6.3 × 10−7

8.1 × 10−4

7.2 × 10−4

7.9 × 10−4

4.0 × 10−2

3.5 × 10−2

3.9 × 10−2

LSTM

0.9681

0.9853

0.9727

7.4 × 10−7

4.8 × 10−7

6.9 × 10−7

8.6 × 10−4

6.9 × 10−4

8.3 × 10−4

4.2 × 10−2

3.4 × 10−2

4.1 × 10−2

  1. Significant values are in bold.
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