Table 2 Sample weighted prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) measured by ACE- J in community dwelling Japanese population, stratified by sex and age (N = 28,617).

From: Effects of expanded adverse childhood experiences including school bullying, childhood poverty, and natural disasters on mental health in adulthood

 

ACEs

Overall (N = 28,617)

Sex

Age (years old)

Female (n = 14,625)

Male (n = 13,992)

Difference

18–34 (n = 7475)

35–49 (n = 8449)

50–64 (n = 6091)

65 or older (n = 6602)

Difference

%

%

%

p value

%

%

%

%

p value

1

Parental death

10.8

10.6

11.0

 

4.9

6.6

12.4

21.3

**

2

Parental divorce

10.7

11.9

9.6

**

15.4

11.2

8.2

7.2

**

3

Mental illness in the household

4.4

5.0

3.7

**

7.7

4.7

2.7

1.8

**

4

Substance abuse in the household

6.8

6.9

6.6

 

6.1

7.8

7.9

5.2

**

5

Mother treated violently

8.7

9.5

7.8

**

5.9

9.3

11.5

8.5

**

6

Physical abuse

3.8

4.1

3.6

*

4.6

4.2

4.0

2.3

**

7

Physical neglect

3.2

3.3

3.2

 

3.1

2.9

3.3

3.8

*

8

Emotional abuse

12.8

16.5

9.0

**

14.1

15.3

15.1

6.1

**

9

Emotional neglect

38.5

34.8

42.3

**

45.9

45.7

36.6

22.5

**

10

Childhood poverty

26.3

25.5

27.1

*

16.5

22.8

28.9

39.5

**

11

Overcontrol

15.5

19.2

11.5

**

14.5

17.5

18.5

11.0

**

12

School bullying

20.8

23.3

18.2

**

21.4

27.3

23.0

9.7

**

13

Sexual abuse

4.4

6.9

1.8

**

4.5

4.8

4.5

3.8

*

14

Hospitalization due to chronic disease

4.8

4.4

5.3

**

3.6

3.6

4.5

8.2

**

15

Natural disaster

3.5

2.9

4.1

**

4.0

2.9

2.7

4.3

**

  

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

 

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

 
 

The summed number of ACEs

1.75 (1.94)

1.85 (2.06)

1.65 (1.81)

**

1.72 (1.96)

1.87 (2.03)

1.84 (2.01)

1.55 (1.73)

**

 

Number of ACEs

%

%

%

 

%

%

%

%

 
 

ACE 0

25.5

27.1

23.7

**

24.7

23.3

25.8

28.7

**

 

ACE 1

35.5

31.5

39.7

 

39.1

36.6

32.6

32.6

 
 

ACE 2

15.6

15.2

16.0

 

14.5

14.1

15.4

19.0

 
 

ACE 3

8.8

9.2

8.4

 

7.3

9.0

9.5

9.5

 
 

ACE 4+

14.7

17.0

12.2

 

14.4

17.0

16.6

10.1

 
  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.
  2. SD: standard deviation.
  3. The difference of each category of sex and age was tested by chi-square test. The each difference in the category of ACE 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4+ was also tested by chi-square test. The difference of the mean of summed number of ACEs was tested by t-test in sex and one-way ANOVA in age category.
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