Table 2 The Steiger directionality test used to validate the validity of the forward causality.

From: Blood lipid levels mediating the effects of sex hormone-binding globulin on coronary heart disease: Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis

Exposures

Outcomes

SNP r2 of exposure

SNP r2 of outcome

Correctness of causal direction

p-value of Steiger directionality test

SHBG

High cholesterol

0.122

4.33E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

HCL

0.116

1.75E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

CHD

0.150

4.72E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

HDL-C

0.140

2.46E−2

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

LDL-C

0.170

3.21E−2

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

VLDL-C

0.170

2.76E−2

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

TG

0.140

2.60E−2

True

 < 1.00E−300

SHBG

TC

0.050

9.78E−3

True

5.20E−274

HDL-C

CHD

0.098

1.66E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

LDL-C

CHD

0.107

7.88E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

VLDL-C

CHD

0.059

3.20E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

TG

CHD

0.066

1.17E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

High cholesterol

CHD

0.015

3.70E−3

True

5.26E−108

HCL

CHD

2.97E−3

2.93E−3

True

0.878

TC

CHD

0.112

4.04E−3

True

 < 1.00E−300

  1. If the causal direction is correct and the directionality test is significant (p < 0.05), it indicates the establishment of forward causality.
  2. SHBG sex hormone-binding globulin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL-C very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HCL hypercholesterolemia, TC total cholesterol, CHD coronary heart disease, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism.
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