Table 2 Results (model estimates ± SE) of selection analysis for selection differentials (S) and gradients (β) on plant and fungal traits and the plant trait resulting from its covariance with the fungal trait for (a) the six most abundant fungal OTUs and (b) five most abundant fungal families. Proportion Survived, Biomass, or Relative Growth Rate (RGR) were used as a proxy for Plant Fitness (Supplementary Material A: Model 4). RGR relative growth rate, SRL specific root length.

From: Interspecific selection in a diverse mycorrhizal symbiosis

Trait

Source of selection

Fitness

Proportion survived

Biomass

RGR

Estimate

P-value

Estimate

P-value

Estimate

P-value

(A)

Root:Shoot

S

0.0671 ± 0.04

0.0718

− 0.1002 ± 0.04

0.0051**

− 0.0309 ± 0.01

0.0001***

 

β

0.1621 ± 0.05

0.0013**

− 0.0663 ± 0.04

0.0848

− 0.0229 ± 0.01

0.0117*

Diameter

S

0.0116 ± 0.04

0.7480

0.0861 ± 0.04

0.0163*

0.0171 ± 0.01

0.0349*

 

β

0.0456 ± 0.04

0.1461

0.0245 ± 0.03

0.4285

0.0059 ± 0.01

0.4406

SRL

S

− 0.0020 ± 0.04

0.9570

− 0.1541 ± 0.03

 < 0.0001***

− 0.0310 ± 0.01

0.0001***

 

β

0.0632 ± 0.05

0.1356

− 0.0862 ± 0.03

0.0135*

− 0.0048 ± 0.01

0.5751

RGR

S

− 0.0160 ± 0.04

0.6580

0.3152 ± 0.03

 < 0.0001***

0.0710 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

 

β

0.0036 ± 0.05

0.9108

0.2239 ± 0.04

 < 0.0001***

0.0553 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

Cenococcum

S

− 0.0236 ± 0.04

0.5180

0.0445 ± 0.04

0.2170

0.0054 ± 0.01

0.5050

 

β

0.0299 ± 0.05

0.8601

0.0831 ± 0.03

0.0148*

0.0017 ± 0.01

0.8346

x Root:Shoot

S

0.0482 ± 0.06

0.4340

0.1556 ± 0.06

0.0102*

0.0495 ± 0.01

0.0003***

 

β

0.2109 ± 0.08

0.0100*

− 0.0347 ± 0.06

0.5354

0.0199 ± 0.01

0.1478

x Diameter

S

0.0242 ± 0.05

0.6510

0.0212 ± 0.05

0.6910

− 0.0031 ± 0.01

0.7960

 

β

0.0644 ± 0.07

0.2089

0.0636 ± 0.05

0.1973

− 0.0125 ± 0.01

0.3156

x SRL

S

0.0397 ± 0.04

0.3760

− 0.0095 ± 0.04

0.8260

0.0002 ± 0.01

0.9840

 

β

0.0884 ± 0.05

0.0182*

− 0.0159 ± 0.03

0.6433

0.0054 ± 0.01

0.5459

x RGR

S

− 0.0553 ± 0.04

0.1970

0.0381 ± 0.04

0.3560

0.0104 ± 0.01

0.3100

 

β

− 0.1179 ± 0.05

0.1099

0.0064 ± 0.04

0.8631

0.0086 ± 0.01

0.4454

Russula californiensis

S

− 0.0407 ± 0.04

0.2710

0.0647 ± 0.04

0.0719

0.0180 ± 0.01

0.0264*

 

β

0.0311 ± 0.06

0.7765

0.0742 ± 0.04

0.0797

0.0094 ± 0.01

0.3210

x Root:Shoot

S

− 0.0974 ± 0.07

0.1930

0.1431 ± 0.07

0.0522

0.0326 ± 0.02

0.0469*

 

β

− 0.0111 ± 0.09

0.9836

− 0.0022 ± 0.06

0.9730

− 0.0140 ± 0.02

0.3747

x Diameter

S

− 0.0330 ± 0.05

0.5190

− 0.0012 ± 0.05

0.9800

0.0025 ± 0.01

0.8240

 

β

0.0221 ± 0.07

0.8434

− 0.0413 ± 0.05

0.4001

0.0038 ± 0.01

0.7143

x SRL

S

0.0047 ± 0.06

0.9320

− 0.0385 ± 0.06

0.4850

0.0036 ± 0.01

0.7710

 

β

− 0.0721 ± 0.07

0.1652

− 0.0829 ± 0.05

0.1062

0.0187 ± 0.02

0.2183

x RGR

S

− 0.0585 ± 0.04

0.1280

0.0129 ± 0.04

0.7160

0.0029 ± 0.01

0.7160

 

β

− 0.1190 ± 0.07

0.1066

− 0.0167 ± 0.05

0.7353

0.0015 ± 0.01

0.8978

Thelephoraceae

S

0.0257 ± 0.03

0.1200

0.0444 ± 0.04

0.2190

0.0031 ± 0.01

0.7070

 

β

0.0697 ± 0.05

0.0765

0.0733 ± 0.03

0.0330*

0.0077 ± 0.01

0.3705

x Root:Shoot

S

0.1018 ± 0.03

0.4310

− 0.0003 ± 0.03

0.9910

0.0056 ± 0.01

0.4240

 

β

0.0128 ± 0.04

0.6623

− 0.0147 ± 0.03

0.5683

0.0039 ± 0.01

0.5404

x Diameter

S

0.0467 ± 0.05

0.1830

0.0496 ± 0.03

0.1100

0.0017 ± 0.01

0.8050

 

β

0.0679 ± 0.04

0.0932

0.0243 ± 0.03

0.3542

− 0.0037 ± 0.01

0.6535

x SRL

S

0.0145 ± 0.05

0.7760

0.0108 ± 0.05

0.8320

0.0169 ± 0.01

0.1390

 

β

0.1023 ± 0.06

0.0998

− 0.0267 ± 0.05

0.5662

0.0129 ± 0.01

0.2654

x RGR

S

− 0.0109 ± 0.06

0.8570

− 0.0997 ± 0.06

0.0969

− 0.0074 ± 0.01

0.3420

 

β

− 0.0942 ± 0.07

0.1262

0.0287 ± 0.05

0.5716

− 0.0037 ± 0.01

0.7273

Tomentella1

S

0.0560 ± 0.04

0.8430

0.0895 ± 0.04

0.0125*

0.0157 ± 0.01

0.0532

 

β

− 0.1213 ± 0.12

0.2371

0.0501 ± 0.08

0.5527

0.0192 ± 0.01

0.1853

x Root:Shoot

S

0.3024 ± 0.04

0.1980

0.0159 ± 0.04

0.6750

0.0073 ± 0.01

0.3910

 

β

0.1245 ± 0.07

0.1813

− 0.0366 ± 0.05

0.4955

− 0.0062 ± 0.01

0.5407

x Diameter

S

− 0.0099 ± 0.01

0.5140

0.0237 ± 0.01

0.0635

0.0030 ± 0.01

0.3030

 

β

0.0154 ± 0.03

0.7134

− 0.0235 ± 0.02

0.2944

− 0.0031 ± 0.01

0.5564

x SRL

S

− 0.0019 ± 0.04

0.9570

− 0.0748 ± 0.04

0.0350*

− 0.0104 ± 0.01

0.1940

 

β

0.1574 ± 0.12

0.4272

− 0.0774 ± 0.09

0.3754

− 0.0131 ± 0.02

0.4916

x RGR

S

0.0063 ± 0.04

0.8700

0.0486 ± 0.04

0.2050

− 0.0046 ± 0.01

0.4110

 

β

0.2229 ± 0.15

0.1500

0.0325 ± 0.11

0.7656

0.0190 ± 0.01

0.1399

Tomentella sublilacina

S

0.0019 ± 0.04

0.9580

0.1625 ± 0.03

 < 0.0001***

0.0241 ± 0.01

0.0028**

 

β

0.0104 ± 0.05

0.6742

0.1660 ± 0.03

 < 0.0001***

0.0199 ± 0.01

0.0300*

x Root:Shoot

S

− 0.0252 ± 0.04

0.5640

− 0.0366 ± 0.04

0.4400

− 0.0044 ± 0.01

0.6530

 

β

0.0226 ± 0.05

0.6190

− 0.0315 ± 0.04

0.3992

− 0.0044 ± 0.01

0.6206

x Diameter

S

0.0078 ± 0.04

0.8540

− 0.0151 ± 0.04

0.7210

− 0.0048 ± 0.01

0.6150

 

β

0.0250 ± 0.05

0.5780

0.0111 ± 0.03

0.7447

− 0.0061 ± 0.01

0.4591

x SRL

S

0.0245 ± 0.04

0.5680

0.0378 ± 0.04

0.3760

0.0086 ± 0.01

0.3690

 

β

0.0442 ± 0.05

0.2943

− 0.0008 ± 0.04

0.9829

0.0079 ± 0.01

0.3722

x RGR

S

0.0197 ± 0.04

0.6220

− 0.0089 ± 0.04

0.8230

− 0.0014 ± 0.01

0.8530

 

β

− 0.0055 ± 0.05

0.8124

− 0.0183 ± 0.04

0.6126

− 0.0160 ± 0.01

0.0473*

(B)

Root:Shoot

S

0.0660 ± 0.03

0.0547

− 0.0283 ± 0.02

0.0948

− 0.0312 ± 0.01

0.0001***

 

β

0.1236 ± 0.04

0.0018**

− 0.0269 ± 0.02

0.2617

− 0.0174 ± 0.01

0.0241*

Diameter

S

0.0161 ± 0.03

0.6310

0.0494 ± 0.02

0.0033**

0.0184 ± 0.01

0.0142*

 

β

0.0203 ± 0.04

0.3684

0.0779 ± 0.02

0.0007***

0.0062 ± 0.01

0.3423

SRL

S

− 0.0327 ± 0.03

0.3290

− 0.0770 ± 0.02

 < 0.0001***

− 0.0318 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

 

β

0.0069 ± 0.04

0.9907

− 0.0247 ± 0.03

0.3243

− 0.0014 ± 0.01

0.1278

RGR

S

− 0.0098 ± 0.03

0.7690

0.1572 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

0.0712 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

 

β

− 0.0060 ± 0.05

0.4190

0.1090 ± 0.03

 < 0.0001***

0.0513 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

Gloniaceae

S

− 0.0126 ± 0.03

0.7050

0.0117 ± 0.02

0.4910

0.0057 ± 0.01

0.4520

 

β

0.0318 ± 0.04

0.7107

0.1249 ± 0.05

0.0060**

0.0026 ± 0.01

0.7149

x Root:Shoot

S

0.0484 ± 0.06

0.3980

0.0677 ± 0.03

0.0178*

0.0468 ± 0.01

0.0002***

 

β

0.1967 ± 0.07

0.0111*

0.0248 ± 0.05

0.5852

0.0165 ± 0.01

0.1610

x Diameter

S

0.0159 ± 0.05

0.7430

0.0084 ± 0.02

0.7330

− 0.0039 ± 0.01

0.7230

 

β

0.0495 ± 0.06

0.2885

0.0831 ± 0.04

0.0591

− 0.0102 ± 0.01

0.3605

x SRL

S

0.0562 ± 0.04

0.1990

0.0063 ± 0.02

0.7710

0.0015 ± 0.01

0.8690

 

β

0.0888 ± 0.04

0.0144*

0.0324 ± 0.03

0.3483

0.0045 ± 0.01

0.5768

x RGR

S

− 0.0514 ± 0.04

0.1900

0.0048 ± 0.02

0.8060

0.0085 ± 0.01

0.3750

 

β

− 0.1065 ± 0.05

0.0940

0.0414 ± 0.03

0.1341

0.0007 ± 0.01

0.4899

Russulaceae

S

− 0.0208 ± 0.03

0.5350

0.0213 ± 0.02

0.2080

0.0173 ± 0.01

0.0217*

 

β

0.0155 ± 0.05

0.8774

0.0354 ± 0.04

0.3534

0.0181 ± 0.01

0.0364*

x Root:Shoot

S

− 0.0500 ± 0.04

0.2710

− 0.0039 ± 0.02

0.8610

0.0117 ± 0.01

0.2460

 

β

− 0.0388 ± 0.05

0.4342

− 0.0611 ± 0.03

0.0766

− 0.0012 ± 0.01

0.8877

x Diameter

S

− 0.0003 ± 0.05

0.9950

− 0.0380 ± 0.02

0.1110

− 0.0112 ± 0.01

0.2900

 

β

0.0381 ± 0.05

0.5621

0.0253 ± 0.03

0.4044

− 0.0002 ± 0.01

0.8219

x SRL

S

− 0.0486 ± 0.03

0.1550

− 0.0265 ± 0.02

0.1100

− 0.0044 ± 0.01

0.5450

 

β

− 0.0447 ± 0.04

0.2697

0.0092 ± 0.03

0.7187

0.0093 ± 0.01

0.2577

x RGR

S

− 0.0291 ± 0.04

0.4270

− 0.0151 ± 0.02

0.4200

0.0019 ± 0.01

0.7880

 

β

− 0.0922 ± 0.06

0.1000

− 0.0382 ± 0.04

0.2793

− 0.0061 ± 0.01

0.4912

Sebacinaceae

S

− 0.0139 ± 0.03

0.6790

0.0079 ± 0.02

0.6390

− 0.0100 ± 0.01

0.1860

 

β

− 0.0379 ± 0.04

0.3726

− 0.1068 ± 0.10

0.2999

− 0.0069 ± 0.01

0.3499

x Root:Shoot

S

0.0147 ± 0.06

0.8000

− 0.0317 ± 0.03

0.2680

− 0.0030 ± 0.01

0.8200

 

β

− 0.0539 ± 0.09

0.9750

− 0.0343 ± 0.05

0.5265

0.0160 ± 0.02

0.3786

x Diameter

S

− 0.0928 ± 0.05

0.0956

0.0031 ± 0.02

0.8970

0.0125 ± 0.01

0.2420

 

β

− 0.0901 ± 0.09

0.6821

0.0571 ± 0.06

0.3490

0.0067 ± 0.01

0.5658

x SRL

S

− 0.0121 ± 0.04

0.7370

0.0087 ± 0.02

0.6520*

− 0.0054 ± 0.01

0.5060

 

β

0.0103 ± 0.05

0.5285

− 0.0414 ± 0.06

0.5151

− 0.0058 ± 0.02

0.4712

x RGR

S

− 0.0572 ± 0.04

0.1850

− 0.0168 ± 0.02

0.4300

0.0007 ± 0.01

0.8990

 

β

− 0.0385 ± 0.09

0.4024

− 0.0754 ± 0.10

0.4418

0.0033 ± 0.01

0.6870

Thelephoraceae

S

0.0010 ± 0.03

0.9750

0.0838 ± 0.02

 < 0.0001***

0.0366 ± 0.01

 < 0.0001***

 

β

− 0.0004 ± 0.06

0.9328

0.0980 ± 0.03

0.0030**

0.0320 ± 0.01

0.0022**

x Root:Shoot

S

0.0417 ± 0.04

0.3190

− 0.0002 ± 0.02

0.9940

0.0145 ± 0.01

0.1210

 

β

0.0511 ± 0.05

0.3335

0.0020 ± 0.02

0.9341

0.0051 ± 0.01

0.4982

x Diameter

S

− 0.0007 ± 0.02

0.9740

0.0095 ± 0.01

0.3860

0.0005 ± 0.01

0.9140

 

β

− 0.0005 ± 0.02

0.7000

0.0175 ± 0.02

0.4353

− 0.0034 ± 0.01

0.3963

x SRL

S

0.0568 ± 0.03

0.1070

− 0.0037 ± 0.02

0.8370

− 0.0012 ± 0.01

0.8810

 

β

0.0653 ± 0.06

0.1806

0.0070 ± 0.03

0.8270

0.0099 ± 0.01

0.2905

x RGR

S

− 0.0091 ± 0.03

0.7690

0.0093 ± 0.02

0.5630

0.0066 ± 0.01

0.2780

 

β

0.0232 ± 0.05

0.9705

0.0109 ± 0.03

0.7123

− 0.0150 ± 0.01

0.0294*

  1. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.