Figure 1

Anti-inflammatory Effects of ESS on RAW 264.7 Macrophages and the Influence of ESS-MCM on Muscle Function in C2C12 Myotubes. RAW 264.7 macrophages were pre-treated with ESS (1, 2.5, and 5 µg/ml) for 1 h and then exposed to LPS (500 ng/ml) for 24 h, assessed through the (A) NO assay, and expressed as a fold change relative to the control. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 20% MCM (LPS or ESS) for 24 h. Real-time PCR was employed to assess the mRNA expression levels of (B) inflammatory cytokines and mediators and (C) E3 ubiquitin ligase genes. (D) Representative images of myotubes captured at × 20 magnification illustrate the differences in muscle diameter between the LPS-MCM and ESS-MCM treatment groups. (E) Glucose uptake levels were measured in both insulin-treated and non-treated groups. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, with statistical analysis conducted for each gene. Figure A shows significance with ###p < 0.001 when compared to the untreated group and ***p < 0.001 when compared to the LPS-treated group. In Figures B to E, significance is indicated as ***p < 0.001 when compared to the LPS-MCM group.